Response inhibition in conflict tasks is revealed in delta plots

(from the chapter) Our main goal in this chapter is to present a method that allows us to examine the proficiency of response inhibition in behavioral (reaction time) data. We review two examples in which we use an analytical technique known as delta-plot analysis to highlight the role of response inhibition in resolving response conflict. The first study is on individual differences in resolving response conflict and included subjects in the normal population. In the second experiment, delta plots were used to mark inhibitory deficits in children diagnosed with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). First, we briefly introduce the conflict paradigm.

[1]  D. V. Cramon,et al.  Subprocesses of Performance Monitoring: A Dissociation of Error Processing and Response Competition Revealed by Event-Related fMRI and ERPs , 2001, NeuroImage.

[2]  Wolfgang Prinz,et al.  S-R compatibility and response selection , 1995 .

[3]  K. R. Ridderinkhof,et al.  Activation and suppression in conflict tasks: Empirical clarification through distributional analyses. , 2002 .

[4]  S Makeig,et al.  Spatially independent activity patterns in functional MRI data during the stroop color-naming task. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[5]  K Richard Ridderinkhof,et al.  Delta plots in the study of individual differences: new tools reveal response inhibition deficits in AD/Hd that are eliminated by methylphenidate treatment. , 2005, Journal of abnormal psychology.

[6]  K. Richard Ridderinkhof,et al.  Alcohol Consumption Impairs Detection of Performance Errors in Mediofrontal Cortex , 2002, Science.

[7]  Richard Ridderinkhof.  Micro- and macro-adjustments of task set: activation and suppression in conflict tasks , 2002, Psychological research.

[8]  E. Crone,et al.  Sensitivity to interference and response contingencies in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. , 2003, Journal of child psychology and psychiatry, and allied disciplines.

[9]  Sharon Morein-Zamir,et al.  Executive functioning in boys with ADHD: primarily an inhibition deficit? , 2004, Archives of clinical neuropsychology : the official journal of the National Academy of Neuropsychologists.

[10]  H. Garavan,et al.  Dissociable Executive Functions in the Dynamic Control of Behavior: Inhibition, Error Detection, and Correction , 2002, NeuroImage.

[11]  G. Band,et al.  Inhibitory motor control in stop paradigms: review and reinterpretation of neural mechanisms. , 1999, Acta psychologica.

[12]  B. J. Casey,et al.  Clinical, imaging, lesion, and genetic approaches toward a model of cognitive control. , 2002, Developmental psychobiology.

[13]  J. Nigg,et al.  Is ADHD a disinhibitory disorder? , 2001, Psychological bulletin.

[14]  J. Stroop.  Studies of interference in serial verbal reactions. , 1992 .

[15]  R. Barkley.  Behavioral inhibition, sustained attention, and executive functions: constructing a unifying theory of ADHD. , 1997, Psychological bulletin.

[16]  E. Lauber,et al.  Conditional and unconditional automaticity: a dual-process model of effects of spatial stimulus-response correspondence. , 1994, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[17]  J. Kenemans,et al.  Perceptual and response interference in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, and the effects of methylphenidate. , 1999, Psychophysiology.

[18]  K. R. Ridderinkhof,et al.  Limits on the application of additive factors logic: Violations of stage robustness suggest a dual-process architecture to explain flanker effects on target processing , 1995 .

[19]  Jonathan D. Cohen,et al.  Interference and Facilitation Effects during Selective Attention: An H2 15O PET Study of Stroop Task Performance , 1995, NeuroImage.

[20]  M. Eimer,et al.  Effects of masked stimuli on motor activation: behavioral and electrophysiological evidence. , 1998, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[21]  C W Eriksen,et al.  Information processing in visual search: A continuous flow conception and experimental results , 1979, Perception & psychophysics.

[22]  B. Kopp,et al.  N200 in the flanker task as a neurobehavioral tool for investigating executive control. , 1996, Psychophysiology.

[23]  M. Eimer.  Facilitatory and inhibitory effects of masked prime stimuli on motor activation and behavioural performance. , 1999, Acta psychologica.

[24]  Karl J. Friston,et al.  Investigations of the functional anatomy of attention using the stroop test , 1993, Neuropsychologia.

[25]  Borís Burle,et al.  Executive control in the Simon effect: an electromyographic and distributional analysis , 2002, Psychological research.

[26]  E. Lorch,et al.  Sustained and Selective Attention in Boys with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder , 1994 .

[27]  R. Poldrack,et al.  Neural Activation During Response Competition , 2000, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[28]  J. R. Simon.  The Effects of an Irrelevant Directional CUE on Human Information Processing , 1990 .

[29]  C. Carter,et al.  Abnormal processing of irrelevant information in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder , 1995, Psychiatry Research.

[30]  S. Rauch,et al.  The counting stroop: An interference task specialized for functional neuroimaging—validation study with functional MRI , 1998, Human brain mapping.

[31]  A. Osman,et al.  Dimensional overlap: cognitive basis for stimulus-response compatibility--a model and taxonomy. , 1990, Psychological review.

[32]  C. Eriksen,et al.  Effects of noise letters upon the identification of a target letter in a nonsearch task , 1974 .