Weathering of Wood and Wood Composites

[1]  J. R. Maccallum,et al.  Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers: A proposed photo-stabilization mechanism , 1984 .

[2]  M. Beg,et al.  Accelerated weathering of unbleached and bleached Kraft wood fibre reinforced polypropylene composites , 2008 .

[3]  P. J. Ritchie,et al.  Photodegradation at the wood-clearcoat interface , 1995, Wood Science and Technology.

[4]  Yasushi Hiramatsu,et al.  Improvement of dimensional stability and weatherability of composite board made from water-vapor-exploded wood elements by liquefied wood resin impregnation , 2009, Journal of Wood Science.

[5]  N. Stark,et al.  Improving the Color Stability of Wood-Plastic Composites Through Fiber Pre-Treatment , 2008 .

[6]  A. Pizzi,et al.  Protection of Wood Surfaces with Metallic Oxides , 1981 .

[7]  T. Vuorinen,et al.  Heat‐treated softwood exposed to weathering , 2004 .

[8]  O. Vogl,et al.  Polymeric Ultraviolet Absorbers , 1976 .

[9]  C. Heitner,et al.  Light-Induced Yellowing of Mechanical and Ultrahigh Yield Pulps. Part 2. Radical-Induced Cleavage of Etherified Guaiacylglycerol-β-Arylether Groups is the Main Degradative Pathway , 1993 .

[10]  Mark Knaebe,et al.  Erosion Rates of Wood During Natural Weathering. Part II. Earlywood and Latewood Erosion Rates , 2007 .

[11]  A. Pizzi.  Wood waterproofing and lignin crosslinking by means of chromium trioxide/guajacyl units complexes , 1980 .

[12]  Boris Forsthuber,et al.  The effects of HALS in the prevention of photo-degradation of acrylic clear topcoats and wooden surfaces , 2010 .

[13]  R. S. Williams.  Effect of grafted UV stabilizers on wood surface erosion and clear coating performance , 1983 .

[14]  N. Stark.  Effect of weathering cycle and manufacturing method on performance of wood flour and high-density polyethylene composites†‡ , 2006 .

[15]  Shang-Tzen Chang,et al.  Comparisons of the photostability of esterified wood , 2001 .

[16]  Ed Suttie,et al.  Photodegradation and photostabilisation of wood – the state of the art , 2005 .

[17]  C. Breuil,et al.  Screening fungi tolerant to Western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn) extractives. Part 2. Development of a feeder strip assay , 2007 .

[18]  M. Kiguchi,et al.  Depth profiling of photo-induced degradation in wood by FT-IR microspectroscopy , 2001, Journal of Wood Science.

[19]  P. J. Lange,et al.  Weathering of wood and protection by chromium studied by XPS , 1992 .

[20]  G. A. Richter.  Relative Permanence of Papers Exposed to Sunlight. II , 1935 .

[21]  M. Petrič,et al.  Wax treatment of wood slows photodegradation , 2011 .

[22]  Philip D. Evans,et al.  Violet light causes photodegradation of wood beyond the zone affected by ultraviolet radiation , 2007 .

[23]  D. Hon,et al.  Measuring penetration of light into wood by detection of photo-induced free radicals , 1978 .

[24]  K. Pandey.  A note on the influence of extractives on the photo-discoloration and photo-degradation of wood , 2005 .

[25]  R. Rowell,et al.  MOISTURE SORPTION AND ACCELERATED WEATHERING OF ACETYLATED AND METHACRYLATED ASPEN , 1991 .

[26]  R. Blanchette,et al.  Assessment of fungal diversity and deterioration in a wooden structure at New Harbor, Antarctica , 2006, Polar Biology.

[27]  H. Militz,et al.  Performance of finishes on wood that is chemically modified by acetylation , 1998 .

[28]  J. Lustoň,et al.  Polymeric UV-Absorbers of 2-Hydroxybenzophenone Type. I. Polyesters on the Base of 2-Hydroxy-4-(2,3-epoxypropoxy)benzophenone , 1973 .

[29]  H. Schmidt,et al.  QUATAM PROCESS—NEW SULFUR-FREE DELIGNIFICATION , 2002 .

[30]  P. Evans,et al.  Use of atomic force microscopy to detect wavelength dependent changes in wood veneers, and spin coated lignin and cellulose films exposed to solar radiation , 2010 .

[31]  D. Hon,et al.  Interaction of Sulfur Dioxide and Nitric Oxide with Photoirradiated Wood Surfaces , 1993 .

[32]  B. Paxton,et al.  A technical assessment cement bonded wood particleboard , 1989 .

[33]  William C. Feist,et al.  Outdoor wood weathering and protection. , 1990 .

[34]  R. S. Williams,et al.  Application of ESCA to evaluate wood and cellulose surfaces modified by aqueous chromium trioxide treatment , 1984 .

[35]  Ge Wang,et al.  Growth of ZnO nanofilms on wood with improved photostability , 2010 .

[36]  D. Kamdem,et al.  Influence of wood extractives on the photo-discoloration of wood surfaces exposed to artificial weathering , 2006 .

[37]  A. Davis,et al.  Ultraviolet radiation for various angles of exposure at Jeddah and its relation to the weathering of polyacetal , 1984 .

[38]  J. Scaiano,et al.  Fragmentation of ketyl radicals derived from α-phenoxyacetophenone: an important mode of decay for lignin-related radicals?☆ , 1991 .

[39]  P. Evans,et al.  Studies of the degradation and protection of wood surfaces , 2004, Wood Science and Technology.

[40]  S. Grelier,et al.  Attempt to Protect Wood Colour Against UV/Visible Light by Using Antioxidants Bearing Isocyanate Groups and Grafted to the Material with Microwave , 1997 .

[41]  B. George,et al.  Inorganic UV absorbers for the photostabilisation of wood-clearcoating systems: Comparison with organic UV absorbers , 2007 .

[42]  M. Kishino,et al.  Artificial weathering of tropical woods. Part 1: Changes in wettability , 2004 .

[43]  Shang-Tzen Chang,et al.  Inhibition of the Photodiscoloration of Wood by Butyrylation , 2001 .

[44]  A. J. Michell.  FTIR spectroscopic studies of the reactions of wood and of lignin model compounds with inorganic agents , 1992, Wood Science and Technology.

[45]  L. Matuana,et al.  Ultraviolet weathering of photostabilized wood-flour-filled high-density polyethylene composites†‡ , 2003 .

[46]  A. McDonald,et al.  Effect of wood species on property and weathering performance of wood plastic composites , 2010 .

[47]  Christine C. Gaylarde,et al.  Biodeterioration of varnished wood with and without biocide: implications for standard test methods , 2002 .

[48]  Ali Temiz,et al.  Effect of accelerated weathering on surface chemistry of modified wood , 2007 .

[49]  A. Stamm,et al.  Resin-Treated Plywood , 1939 .

[50]  T. Fujiwara,et al.  The effects of within-species and between-species variation in wood density on the photodegradation depth profiles of sugi (Cryptomeria japonica) and hinoki (Chamaecyparis obtusa) , 2005, Journal of Wood Science.

[51]  Philip D. Evans,et al.  Automated measurement of checks at wood surfaces , 2005 .

[52]  I. Cullis,et al.  Photostabilisation of wood using aromatic vinyl esters , 2009 .

[53]  H. Militz.  Processes and Properties of Thermally Modified Wood Manufactured in Europe , 2008 .

[54]  C. Donnelly,et al.  A Quantitative Weathering Study of Wood Surfaces Modified by Chromium VI and Iron III Compounds. Part 2. Image Analysis of Cell Wall Pit Micro-Checking , 1994 .

[55]  Jun Zhang,et al.  Photoaging and stabilization of rigid PVC/wood-fiber composites , 2001 .

[56]  D. Hon.  ESCA study of oxidized wood surfaces , 1984 .

[57]  F. Sundholm,et al.  Polyester binders for wood containing benzotriazole and HALS light stabilizers , 2004 .

[58]  Mohini Sain,et al.  The efficacy of photostabilizers on the color change of wood filled plastic composites , 2006 .

[59]  P. D. Evans,et al.  Degradation of wood surfaces during natural weathering. Effects on lignin and cellulose and on the adhesion of acrylic latex primers , 1996, Wood Science and Technology.

[60]  A. McDonald,et al.  Wood Modification Effects on Weathering of HDPE-Based Wood Plastic Composites , 2009 .

[61]  N. L. Owen,et al.  Infrared Studies of Wood Weathering. Part I: Softwoods , 1991 .

[62]  Mark Knaebe,et al.  Erosion Rates of Wood During Natural Weathering. Part III. Effect of Exposure Angle on Erosion Rate , 2001 .

[63]  H. Khalil,et al.  Effect of weathering on physical, mechanical and morphological properties of chemically modified wood materials , 2010 .

[64]  L. Matuana,et al.  Ultraviolet weathering of HDPE/wood-flour composites coextruded with a clear HDPE cap layer , 2011 .

[65]  P. Evans,et al.  A Quantitative Weathering Study of Wood Surfaces Modified by Chromium VI and Iron III Compounds. Part 1. Loss in Zero-span Tensile Strength and Weight of Thin Wood Veneers , 1989 .

[66]  C. Forsyth,et al.  The reaction of guaiacol with iron III and chromium VI compounds as a model for wood surface modification , 1995, Wood Science and Technology.

[67]  R. S. Williams,et al.  EROSION RATES OF WOOD DURING NATURAL WEATHERING. PART I. EFFECTS OF GRAIN ANGLE AND SURFACE TEXTURE , 2001 .

[68]  K. Borgin.  The use of the scanning electron microscope for the study of weathered wood , 1970 .

[69]  M. Sabaa,et al.  Polymerization products of p-benzoquinone as bound antioxidants for SBR. Part II—The antioxidizing efficiency , 1988 .

[70]  L. Paajanen.  Structural changes in primed Scots pine and Norway spruce during weathering , 1994 .

[71]  C. Hill,et al.  A study of early colour change due to simulated accelerated sunlight exposure in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) , 2009 .

[72]  J. Savory.  BREAKDOWN OF TIMBER BY ASCOMYCETES AND FUNGI IMPERFECTI , 1954 .

[73]  N. L. Owen,et al.  Weathering of chemically modified wood surfaces , 2000, Wood Science and Technology.

[74]  B. Mahltig,et al.  Functionalising wood by nanosol application , 2008 .

[75]  K. Alanko,et al.  Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from lichens in present‐day Finland , 2005, Contact dermatitis.

[76]  K. Pandey,et al.  Photostability of wood surfaces esterified by benzoyl chloride , 2006 .

[77]  L. Matuana,et al.  Accelerated ultraviolet weathering of PVC/wood‐flour composites , 2002 .

[78]  P. Evans.  Effect of angle of exposure on the weathering of wood surfaces , 1989 .

[79]  C. Forsyth,et al.  Evidence for the formation of chromium (III) diphenoquinone complexes during oxidation of guaiacol and 2,6-dimethoxyphenol with chromic acid , 2003 .

[80]  T. Schultz,et al.  Proposed Mechanism for the Nitrobenzene Oxidation of Lignin , 1986 .

[81]  Yuji Imamura,et al.  Changes in surface properties of tropical wood species exposed to the Indonesian climate in relation to mold colonies , 2004, Journal of Wood Science.

[82]  M. Wolcott,et al.  Wood plastic composites weathering: Visual appearance and chemical changes , 2008 .

[83]  M. Ohkoshi.  FTIR-PAS study of light-induced changes in the surface of acetylated or polyethylene glycol-impregnated wood , 2002, Journal of Wood Science.

[84]  F. Gugumus.  Current trends in mode of action of Hindered Amine Light Stabilizers , 1993 .

[85]  L. Matuana,et al.  Influence of photostabilizers on wood flour-HDPE composites exposed to xenon-arc radiation with and without water spray , 2006 .

[86]  G. Hoflund,et al.  Weathering properties of treated southern yellow pine wood examined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and physical characterization , 2008 .

[87]  D. Hon,et al.  On Possible Chromophoric Structures in Wood And Pulpsa Survey of the Present State of Knowledge , 1979 .

[88]  M. Buchmeiser,et al.  ZnO-Based UV Nanocomposites for Wood Coatings in Outdoor Applications , 2010 .

[89]  R. Webster,et al.  Weathering and photostability of benzoylated wood , 2002 .

[90]  S. Grelier,et al.  Use of low molecular weight modified polystyrene to prevent photodegradation of clear softwoods for outdoor use , 2007 .

[91]  W. Feist,et al.  Weathering Behavior of Dimensionally Stabilized Wood Treated by Heating Under Pressure of Nitrogen Gas , 2007 .

[92]  N. Kollias,et al.  Microfine Zinc Oxide is a Superior Sunscreen Ingredient to Microfine Titanium Dioxide , 2000, Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.].

[93]  R. Falk,et al.  Accelerated weathering of natural fiber-thermoplastic composites : effects of ultraviolet exposure on bending strength and stiffness , 2002 .

[94]  S. Tsuchikawa,et al.  Low atmospheric temperature dependence on photodegradation of wood. , 2005, Journal of photochemistry and photobiology. B, Biology.

[95]  M. Misra,et al.  Effect of Accelerated Weathering on Biocomposites Processed by SMC and Compression Molding , 2006 .

[96]  Pierre Blanchet,et al.  Enhancing the performance of exterior waterborne coatings for wood by inorganic nanosized UV absorbers , 2010 .

[97]  Alexandre Florian da Costa,et al.  Properties after weathering and decay resistance of a thermally modified wood structural board , 2008 .

[98]  P. Evans,et al.  Surface checking of wood is increased by photodegradation caused by ultraviolet and visible light , 2008, Wood Science and Technology.

[99]  P. Evans,et al.  Photoprotection of Wood Using Polyester-Type UV-Absorbers Derived from the Reaction of 2-hydroxy-4(2,3-epoxypropoxy)-benzophenone with Dicarboxylic Acid Anhydrides , 2010 .

[100]  P. Evans,et al.  Photostabilisation of wood surfaces using a grafted benzophenone UV absorber , 1998 .

[101]  P. Evans,et al.  Photodegradation depth profile and penetration of light in Japanese cedar earlywood (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) exposed to artificial solar radiation , 2004 .

[102]  J. Bjurman,et al.  Isolation of an Aureobasidium pullulans polysaccharide that promotes adhesion of blastospores to water-borne paints , 1998 .

[103]  G. Prakash,et al.  Dimensional stability and photostability of octanoylated wood , 2006 .

[104]  H. Schoemaker,et al.  On the mechanism of enzymatic lignin breakdown , 1985 .

[105]  D. Hon,et al.  Weathering characteristics of hardwood surfaces , 1986, Wood Science and Technology.

[106]  U. Meierhofer,et al.  Untersuchungen zur Optimierung des Oberflächenschutzes von Holzbauteilen , 1983, Holz als Roh- und Werkstoff.

[107]  T. Pastore,et al.  Resistência ao intemperismo artificial de quatro madeiras tropicais: o efeito dos extrativos. , 2009 .

[108]  J. Adler,et al.  Phenolic Compound Utilization by the Soft Rot Fungus Lecythophora hoffmannii , 1988, Applied and environmental microbiology.

[109]  I. Lamprecht,et al.  Thermoanalytical investigations on paper covers of social wasps , 2000 .

[110]  Brent A. Horn,et al.  FT-IR Studies of Weathering Effects in Western Redcedar and Southern Pine , 1994 .

[111]  S. Pang,et al.  Color and dimensional stability of oil heat-treated radiata pinewood after accelerated UV weathering. , 2010 .

[112]  S. Akers,et al.  Ageing behaviour of cellulose fibre cement composites in natural weathering and accelerated tests , 1989 .

[113]  D. J. Spedding.  Sorption of sulphur dioxide by indoor surfaces. II. Wood. , 2007 .

[114]  A. Pitman,et al.  Weathering characteristics of modified rubberwood (Hevea brasiliensis) , 2002 .

[115]  M. Kalnins.  Photochemical degradation of acetylated, methylated, phenylhydrazine-modified, and ACC-treated wood , 1984 .

[116]  D. Sandberg.  Weathering of Radial and Tangential Wood Surfaces of Pine and Spruce , 1999 .

[117]  L. Matuana,et al.  Surface chemistry changes of weathered HDPE/wood-flour composites studied by XPS and FTIR spectroscopy ☆ , 2004 .

[118]  P. Evans,et al.  Wood surface protection with some titanium, zirconium and manganese compounds , 2003 .

[119]  G. Koch,et al.  Ultrastructural characteristics of cell wall disintegration of Pinus spp. in the windows of an old Buddhist temple exposed to natural weathering , 2008 .

[120]  Shang-Tzen Chang,et al.  Modification of wood with isopropyl glycidyl ether and its effects on decay resistance and light stability. , 2006, Bioresource technology.

[121]  M. Abad,et al.  Efficacy of hindered amines in woodflour‐polypropylene composites compatibilized with vinyltrimethoxysilane after accelerated weathering and moisture absorption , 2011 .

[122]  W. Banks,et al.  Laboratory Evaluation of the Performance of Water Repellents Applied to Long Wood Specimens , 1983 .

[123]  A. Ragauskas,et al.  PHOTOYELLOWING OF UNTREATED AND ACETYLATED ASPEN CHEMITHERMOMECHANICAL PULP UNDER ARGON, AMBIENT, AND OXYGEN ATMOSPHERES , 2001 .

[124]  M. Kishino,et al.  Artificial weathering of tropical woods. Part 2: Color change , 2004 .

[125]  Yanjun Xie,et al.  Weathering of wood modified with the N-methylol compound 1,3-dimethylol-4,5-dihydroxyethyleneurea , 2005 .

[126]  L. Matuana,et al.  Surface chemistry and mechanical property changes of wood-flour/high-density-polyethylene composites after accelerated weathering , 2004 .

[127]  L. Matuana,et al.  Effect of processing method on surface and weathering characteristics of wood–flour/HDPE composites , 2004 .

[128]  S. Akers,et al.  Micromechanical studies of fresh and weathered fibre cement composites. Part 1: Dry testing , 1989 .

[129]  C. Hill,et al.  Photodegradation and weathering effects on timber surface moisture profiles as studied using dynamic vapour sorption , 2010 .

[130]  P. Hayoz,et al.  A new innovative stabilization method for the protection of natural wood , 2003 .

[131]  Jukka Ala-Viikari,et al.  New generation ThermoWood ® - How to take ThermoWood ® to the next level , 2009 .

[132]  László Tolvaj,et al.  Artificial Ageing of Wood Monitored by DRIFT Spectroscopy and CIE L*a*b* Color Measurements. 1. Effect of UV Light , 1995 .

[133]  R. S. Williams,et al.  Duration of wood preweathering: Effect on the service life of subsequently applied paint , 2001 .

[134]  A. Andrady,et al.  Effects of solar UV and climate change on materials , 2011, Photochemical & photobiological sciences : Official journal of the European Photochemistry Association and the European Society for Photobiology.

[135]  M. Kuo,et al.  Ultrastructural Changes of Photodegradation of Wood Surfaces Exposed to UV , 1991 .

[136]  Jun Zhang,et al.  Weathering of copper–amine treated wood , 2009 .

[137]  C. Schaller,et al.  New approaches in wood coating stabilization , 2007 .

[138]  C. Hill,et al.  An investigation of the potential for chemical modification and subsequent polymeric grafting as a means of protecting wood against photodegradation , 2001 .

[139]  S. Jämsä,et al.  Long‐term natural weathering of coated ThermoWood , 2000 .

[140]  A. Temiz,et al.  Weathering, water absorption, and durability of silicon, acetylated, and heat‐treated wood , 2006 .

[141]  D. Hon,et al.  Photoprotection of Wood Surfaces by Wood-Ion Complexes , 2007 .

[142]  A. Bos.  The UV spectra of cellulose and some model compounds , 1972 .

[143]  D. Dickinson,et al.  Growth of Aureobasidium pullulans on lignin breakdown products at weathered wood surfaces , 1997 .

[144]  H. Barnes,et al.  Laboratory Methods to Predict the Weathering Characteristics of Wood , 1992 .

[145]  Shang-Tzen Chang,et al.  Retention of Red Color in Taiwania (Taiwania cryptomeriodes Hay.) Heartwood , 1998 .

[146]  Norman S. Allen,et al.  Behaviour of nanoparticle (ultrafine) titanium dioxide pigments and stabilisers on the photooxidative stability of water based acrylic and isocyanate based acrylic coatings , 2002 .

[147]  W. Knol,et al.  Forming of a functional biofilm on wood surfaces , 2010 .

[148]  W. Cui,et al.  Diffuse Reflectance Infrared Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (Drift) and Color Changes of Artificial Weathered Wood , 2007 .

[149]  A. Miyatake,et al.  Outdoor exposure tests of structural laminated veneer lumber I: evaluation of the physical properties after six years , 2002, Journal of Wood Science.

[150]  N. Sombatsompop,et al.  Effects of UV weathering and a CeO2‐based coating layer on the mechanical and structural changes of wood/PVC composites , 2011 .

[151]  T. Vuorinen,et al.  Dimensional stability, UV resistance, and static mechanical properties of Scots pine chemically modified with alkylene epoxides. , 2010 .

[152]  F. Mantia,et al.  Accelerated weathering of polypropylene/wood flour composites , 2008 .

[153]  R. S. Williams,et al.  Wood Modified by Inorganic Salts: Mechanism and Properties. I. Weathering Rate, Water Repellency, and Dimensional Stability of Wood Modified with Chromium (III) Nitrate Versus Chromic Acid , 2007 .

[154]  A. Merlin,et al.  Modifications de la couleur du bois d'Abies grandis exposé à la lumière solaire , 1992 .

[155]  R. S. Williams,et al.  Evaluation of several finishes on severely weathered wood , 1999 .

[156]  K. Pandey,et al.  Accelerated Weathering of Wood Surfaces Modified by Chromium Trioxide , 1998 .

[157]  W. Banks,et al.  The valence state of chromium in treated wood, studied by magnetic susceptibility , 1989 .

[158]  D. Hon,et al.  Protection of wood surfaces against photooxidation , 1985 .