Optogenetic Stimulation of Human Neural Networks Using Fast Ferroelectric Spatial Light Modulator—Based Holographic Illumination

The generation and application of human stem-cell-derived functional neural circuits promises novel insights into neurodegenerative diseases. These networks are often studied using stem-cell derived random neural networks in vitro, with electrical stimulation and recording using multielectrode arrays. However, the impulse response function of networks is best obtained with spatiotemporally well-defined stimuli, which electrical stimulation does not provide. Optogenetics allows for the functional control of genetically altered cells with light stimuli at high spatiotemporal resolution. Current optogenetic investigations of neural networks are often conducted using full field illumination, potentially masking important functional information. This can be avoided using holographically shaped illumination. In this article, we present a digital holographic illumination setup with a spatial resolution of about 8 μm, which suffices for the stimulation of single neurons, and offers a temporal resolution of less than 0.6 ms. With this setup, we present preliminary single-cell stimulation recording of stem-cell derived induced human neurons in a random neural network. This will offer the opportunity for further studies on connectivity in such networks.

[1]  Feng Zhang,et al.  Channelrhodopsin-2 and optical control of excitable cells , 2006, Nature Methods.

[2]  Lars Büttner,et al.  Transmission of independent signals through a multimode fiber using digital optical phase conjugation. , 2016, Optics express.

[3]  Valentina Emiliani,et al.  Patterned two-photon illumination by spatiotemporal shaping of ultrashort pulses. , 2008, Optics express.

[4]  C. Stam,et al.  Alzheimer's disease: connecting findings from graph theoretical studies of brain networks , 2013, Neurobiology of Aging.

[5]  Volker Busskamp,et al.  Functional Maturation of Human Stem Cell-Derived Neurons in Long-Term Cultures , 2017, PloS one.

[6]  A. Jesacher,et al.  Four-dimensional light shaping: manipulating ultrafast spatiotemporal foci in space and time , 2017, Light: Science & Applications.

[7]  Shi Gu,et al.  Optical stimulation enables paced electrophysiological studies in embryonic hearts. , 2014, Biomedical optics express.

[8]  R. Quian Quiroga,et al.  Unsupervised Spike Detection and Sorting with Wavelets and Superparamagnetic Clustering , 2004, Neural Computation.

[9]  Mark O. Cunningham,et al.  Human brain slices for epilepsy research: Pitfalls, solutions and future challenges , 2016, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[10]  B Sakmann,et al.  Patch clamp techniques for studying ionic channels in excitable membranes. , 1984, Annual review of physiology.

[11]  E. Isacoff,et al.  Scanless two-photon excitation of channelrhodopsin-2 , 2010, Nature Methods.

[12]  Lars Büttner,et al.  Wavefront shaping for imaging-based flow velocity measurements through distortions using a Fresnel guide star. , 2016, Optics express.

[13]  T. Murphy,et al.  Automated light-based mapping of motor cortex by photoactivation of channelrhodopsin-2 transgenic mice , 2009, Nature Methods.

[14]  M. Kirschner,et al.  Cell Growth and Size Homeostasis in Proliferating Animal Cells , 2009, Science.

[15]  H. Attarwala,et al.  TGN1412: From Discovery to Disaster , 2010, Journal of young pharmacists : JYP.

[16]  Eirini Papagiakoumou,et al.  Optical developments for optogenetics , 2013, Biology of the cell.

[17]  K. Deisseroth,et al.  Millisecond-timescale, genetically targeted optical control of neural activity , 2005, Nature Neuroscience.

[18]  E. Bamberg,et al.  Optogenetic stimulation of the auditory pathway. , 2014, The Journal of clinical investigation.

[19]  Michael Z. Lin,et al.  Characterization of engineered channelrhodopsin variants with improved properties and kinetics. , 2009, Biophysical journal.

[20]  O. Sporns,et al.  Organization, development and function of complex brain networks , 2004, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[21]  O. Sporns,et al.  Rich-Club Organization of the Human Connectome , 2011, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[22]  Xue Han,et al.  In vivo application of optogenetics for neural circuit analysis. , 2012, ACS chemical neuroscience.

[23]  Jesper Glückstad,et al.  GPC light shaper for speckle-free one- and two-photon contiguous pattern excitation. , 2014, Optics express.

[24]  Karl Deisseroth,et al.  Genetic Reactivation of Cone Photoreceptors Restores Visual Responses in Retinitis Pigmentosa , 2010, Science.

[25]  P. W. M. Tsang,et al.  Novel method for converting digital Fresnel hologram to phase-only hologram based on bidirectional error diffusion. , 2013, Optics express.

[26]  Benjamin F. Grewe,et al.  Two-photon optogenetic toolbox for fast inhibition, excitation and bistable modulation , 2012, Nature Methods.

[27]  Sadegh Nabavi,et al.  Engineering a memory with LTD and LTP , 2014, Nature.

[28]  Joaquín Goñi,et al.  Changes in structural and functional connectivity among resting-state networks across the human lifespan , 2014, NeuroImage.

[29]  Ron Weiss,et al.  Rapid neurogenesis through transcriptional activation in human stem cells , 2014, Molecular systems biology.

[30]  Volker Busskamp,et al.  On-demand optogenetic activation of human stem-cell-derived neurons , 2017, Scientific Reports.

[31]  Inbar Brosh,et al.  Holographic optogenetic stimulation of patterned neuronal activity for vision restoration , 2013, Nature Communications.

[32]  Edward T. Bullmore,et al.  Micro-connectomics: probing the organization of neuronal networks at the cellular scale , 2017, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[33]  Shimon Marom,et al.  Development, learning and memory in large random networks of cortical neurons: lessons beyond anatomy , 2002, Quarterly Reviews of Biophysics.

[34]  G Shahaf,et al.  Learning in Networks of Cortical Neurons , 2001, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[35]  Peter John Rodrigo,et al.  Four-dimensional optical manipulation of colloidal particles , 2005 .

[36]  Ping Su,et al.  Binary hologram generation based on discrete wavelet transform , 2016 .

[37]  Rafael Yuste,et al.  Two-photon optogenetics of dendritic spines and neural circuits in 3D , 2012, Nature Methods.

[38]  Michael Häusser,et al.  Simultaneous all-optical manipulation and recording of neural circuit activity with cellular resolution in vivo , 2014, Nature Methods.

[39]  K J Staley,et al.  Membrane properties of dentate gyrus granule cells: comparison of sharp microelectrode and whole-cell recordings. , 1992, Journal of neurophysiology.

[40]  D M Cottrell,et al.  Multiple imaging phase-encoded optical elements written as programmable spatial light modulators. , 1990, Applied optics.

[41]  I. Vellekoop Feedback-based wavefront shaping. , 2015, Optics express.