Biodiesel production by heterogeneous catalysts and supercritical technologies.

Intensive studies are underway to develop more efficient biodiesel conversion processes. Among the various new technologies, both solid catalyst and non-catalytic supercritical processes are recognized as those that can be turned to practical use in the near future. The current status and challenging issues for these two technologies are, therefore, reviewed in this work as innovative biodiesel production technologies.

[1]  W. Hoelderich,et al.  New sulfonic acid ion-exchange resins for the preesterification of different oils and fats with high content of free fatty acids , 2009 .

[2]  Wenlei Xie,et al.  Soybean oil transesterification over zinc oxide modified with alkali earth metals , 2007 .

[3]  T. Andrews The Bakerian lecture: On the gaseous state of matter , 1876, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London.

[4]  S. Furuta,et al.  Biodiesel fuel production with solid superacid catalysis in fixed bed reactor under atmospheric pressure , 2004 .

[5]  Dae Won Lee,et al.  The heterogeneous catalyst system for the continuous conversion of free fatty acids in used vegetable oils for the production of biodiesel , 2008 .

[6]  Shiro Saka,et al.  Oxidation stability of biodiesel fuel as prepared by supercritical methanol , 2008 .

[7]  Hong-shik Lee,et al.  Transesterification of RBD palm oil using supercritical methanol , 2008 .

[8]  Deog-Keun Kim,et al.  Production of biodiesel from soapstock using an ion-exchange resin catalyst , 2008 .

[9]  R. V. Prasad,et al.  Esterification of free fatty acids for biodiesel production over heteropoly tungstate supported on niobia catalysts , 2009 .

[10]  Dadan Kusdiana,et al.  Biodiesel fuel from rapeseed oil as prepared in supercritical methanol , 2001 .

[11]  F. Zaher,et al.  Biodiesel fuel from Jatropha oil via non-catalytic supercritical methanol transesterification , 2009 .

[12]  E. Lotero,et al.  Stability of sulfated zirconia and the nature of the catalytically active species in the transesterification of triglycerides , 2008 .

[13]  T. Efferth,et al.  Rapid microwave-assisted transesterification of yellow horn oil to biodiesel using a heteropolyacid solid catalyst. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[14]  M. Blanco,et al.  Acid catalysts prepared by impregnation of tungstophosphoric acid solutions on different supports , 1998 .

[15]  G. Guan,et al.  Tri-potassium phosphate as a solid catalyst for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil , 2009 .

[16]  Paweł G. Parzuchowski,et al.  Hyperbranched aliphatic polyethers obtained from environmentally benign monomer: glycerol carbonate , 2005 .

[17]  Tao Wang,et al.  Continuous production of biodiesel fuel from vegetable oil using supercritical methanol process , 2007 .

[18]  Hak Joo Kim,et al.  TRANSESTERIFICATION OF VEGETABLE OIL TO BIODIESEL USING HETEROGENEOUS BASE CATALYST , 2004 .

[19]  Dadan Kusdiana,et al.  Effects of water on biodiesel fuel production by supercritical methanol treatment. , 2004, Bioresource technology.

[20]  D. Boocock,et al.  Fast one-phase oil-rich processes for the preparation of vegetable oil methyl esters , 1996 .

[21]  S. Gryglewicz Rapeseed oil methyl esters preparation using heterogeneous catalysts , 1999 .

[22]  Baoxin Li,et al.  Application of waste eggshell as low-cost solid catalyst for biodiesel production. , 2009, Bioresource technology.

[23]  I. Fonseca,et al.  Esterification of fatty acids to biodiesel over polymers with sulfonic acid groups , 2009 .

[24]  Shiro Saka,et al.  Dimethyl carbonate as potential reactant in non-catalytic biodiesel production by supercritical method. , 2009, Bioresource technology.

[25]  Tsutomu Sakai,et al.  Economic assessment of batch biodiesel production processes using homogeneous and heterogeneous alkali catalysts. , 2009, Bioresource technology.

[26]  Deog-Keun Kim,et al.  Esterification of free fatty acids using water-tolerable Amberlyst as a heterogeneous catalyst. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[27]  A. Demirbas,et al.  Biodiesel from vegetable oils via transesterification in supercritical methanol , 2002 .

[28]  Gerard Hillion,et al.  Fatty Acid Esters in Europe: Market Trends and Technological Perspectives , 2008 .

[29]  A. Demirbas,et al.  Biodiesel production from vegetable oils via catalytic and non-catalytic supercritical methanol transesterification methods , 2005 .

[30]  P. Krammer,et al.  Chemistry in Supercritical Water , 2000 .

[31]  Duane T. Johnson,et al.  The glycerin glut: Options for the value‐added conversion of crude glycerol resulting from biodiesel production , 2007 .

[32]  Naoko Ellis,et al.  Assessment of four biodiesel production processes using HYSYS.Plant. , 2008, Bioresource technology.

[33]  A. Demirbas,et al.  Progress and recent trends in biodiesel fuels , 2009 .

[34]  A. Schwab,et al.  Preparation and properties of diesel fuels from vegetable oils , 1987 .

[35]  J. F. González,et al.  Biodiesel Fuels from Vegetable Oils: Transesterification of Cynara cardunculus L. Oils with Ethanol , 2002 .

[36]  N. Alper Tapan,et al.  ESTERIFICATION OF FREE FATTY ACIDS IN WASTE COOKING OILS (WCO): ROLE OF ION EXCHANGE RESINS , 2008 .

[37]  Yasuaki Maeda,et al.  Biodiesel production by esterification of oleic acid with short-chain alcohols under ultrasonic irradiation condition , 2009 .

[38]  Prabhat Nath Jha,et al.  Biodiesel production through lipase catalyzed transesterification: An overview , 2010 .

[39]  R. D. Goodwin,et al.  Methanol Thermodynamic Properties From 176 to 673 K at Pressures to 700 Bar , 1987 .

[40]  P. Filip,et al.  Transesterification of vegetable oils on basic large mesoporous alumina supported alkaline fluorides—Evidences of the nature of the active site and catalytic performances , 2009 .

[41]  H. Raheman,et al.  Process optimization for biodiesel production from mahua (Madhuca indica) oil using response surface methodology. , 2006, Bioresource technology.

[42]  F. Corazza,et al.  Continuous production of fatty acid ethyl esters from soybean oil in compressed ethanol , 2007 .

[43]  S. Yamanaka,et al.  Heterogeneous catalysis of calcium oxide used for transesterification of soybean oil with refluxing methanol , 2009 .

[44]  R. Nascimento,et al.  Transesterification of brazilian vegetable oils with methanol over ion-exchange resins , 2005 .

[45]  Shiro Saka,et al.  Kinetics of hydrolysis and methyl esterification for biodiesel production in two-step supercritical methanol process , 2006 .

[46]  Bomin Kang,et al.  Development of heterogeneous catalyst system for esterification of free fatty acid contained in used vegetable oil , 2004 .

[47]  E. Kondoh,et al.  Deposition kinetics and narrow-gap-filling in Cu thin film growth from supercritical carbon dioxide fluids , 2008 .

[48]  Shiro Saka,et al.  A new process for catalyst-free production of biodiesel using supercritical methyl acetate , 2009 .

[49]  José M. Encinar,et al.  Preparation and Properties of Biodiesel from Cynara cardunculus L. Oil , 1999 .

[50]  B. Simándi,et al.  Characterization of packed beds of plant materials processed by supercritical fluid extraction , 2008 .

[51]  J. Marchetti,et al.  Heterogeneous esterification of oil with high amount of free fatty acids , 2007 .

[52]  G. Shama,et al.  A New Solubility Model to Describe Biodiesel Formation Kinetics , 2007 .

[53]  Daniele Fabbri,et al.  Properties of a potential biofuel obtained from soybean oil by transmethylation with dimethyl carbonate , 2007 .

[54]  M. G. Kontominas,et al.  Transesterification of soybean frying oil to biodiesel using heterogeneous catalysts , 2009 .

[55]  Takuya Fukumura,et al.  Biodiesel production using anionic ion-exchange resin as heterogeneous catalyst. , 2007, Bioresource technology.

[56]  Shuli Yan,et al.  Simultaneous transesterification and esterification of unrefined or waste oils over ZnO-La2O3 catalysts , 2009 .

[57]  Amit Deshpande,et al.  Integrated Technology for Supercritical Biodiesel Production and Power Cogeneration , 2008 .

[58]  D. M. Alonso,et al.  Leaching and homogeneous contribution in liquid phase reaction catalysed by solids: The case of triglycerides methanolysis using CaO , 2009 .

[59]  Shiro Saka,et al.  Thermal stability of biodiesel in supercritical methanol , 2008 .

[60]  Ruengwit Sawangkeaw,et al.  Continuous Production of Biodiesel via Transesterification from Vegetable Oils in Supercritical Methanol , 2006 .

[61]  J. Marchetti,et al.  ESTERIFICATION OF FREE FATTY ACIDS USING SULFURIC ACID AS CATALYST IN THE PRESENCE OF TRIGLYCERIDES , 2008 .

[62]  Violeta Makareviciene,et al.  Solubility of multi-component biodiesel fuel systems. , 2005, Bioresource technology.

[63]  A. Demirbas,et al.  Biodiesel from waste cooking oil via base-catalytic and supercritical methanol transesterification , 2009 .

[64]  Ayhan Demirbas,et al.  Production of biodiesel fuels from linseed oil using methanol and ethanol in non-catalytic SCF conditions , 2009 .

[65]  Kamaruddin Abdullah,et al.  Biodiesel fuels from palm oil via the non-catalytic transesterification in a bubble column reactor at atmospheric pressure : A kinetic study , 2008 .

[66]  Ramón Moreno-Tost,et al.  Potassium leaching during triglyceride transesterification using K/γ-Al2O3 catalysts , 2007 .

[67]  P. York,et al.  Separation processes for organic molecules using SCF Technologies. , 2008, Advanced drug delivery reviews.

[68]  N. Chollacoop,et al.  Waste shells of mollusk and egg as biodiesel production catalysts. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[69]  A. Demirbas,et al.  Biodiesel production via non-catalytic SCF method and biodiesel fuel characteristics. , 2006 .

[70]  Y. Ju,et al.  Direct Synthesis of Mesoporous Sulfated Silica-Zirconia Catalysts with High Catalytic Activity for Biodiesel via Esterification , 2007 .

[71]  Dadan Kusdiana,et al.  Kinetics of transesterification in rapeseed oil to biodiesel fuel as treated in supercritical methanol , 2001 .

[72]  Fernanda C. Corazza,et al.  Effect of Temperature on the Continuous Synthesis of Soybean Esters under Supercritical Ethanol , 2009 .

[73]  E. S. Umdu,et al.  Transesterification of Nannochloropsis oculata microalga's lipid to biodiesel on Al2O3 supported CaO and MgO catalysts. , 2009, Bioresource technology.

[74]  Nagaraj R. Banapurmath,et al.  Experimental investigations of a four-stroke single cylinder direct injection diesel engine operated on dual fuel mode with producer gas as inducted fuel and Honge oil and its methyl ester (HOME) as injected fuels , 2008 .

[75]  Feng Yan,et al.  Biodiesel production using cation-exchange resin as heterogeneous catalyst. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[76]  Kunchana Bunyakiat,et al.  Ca and Zn mixed oxide as a heterogeneous base catalyst for transesterification of palm kernel oil , 2008 .

[77]  J. M. Marchetti,et al.  Technoeconomic study of supercritical biodiesel production plant , 2008 .

[78]  K. Wilson,et al.  Cs-doped H4SiW12O40 catalysts for biodiesel applications , 2009 .

[79]  V. Bokade,et al.  Transesterification of sunflower oil catalyzed by flyash-based solid catalysts , 2009 .

[80]  W. Daud,et al.  Activity of solid catalysts for biodiesel production: A review , 2009 .

[81]  Luiz Pereira Ramos,et al.  Soybean oil and beef tallow alcoholysis by acid heterogeneous catalysis , 2009 .

[82]  A. Demirbas,et al.  Biodiesel fuels from vegetable oils via catalytic and non-catalytic supercritical alcohol transesterifications and other methods: a survey , 2003 .

[83]  M. Misono,et al.  Catalytic Chemistry of Heteropoly Compounds , 1996 .

[84]  Biodiesel production by integrated reactive-separation design , 2007 .

[85]  D. F. Zinkel Fats and Fatty Acids , 2013, Pediatric Nutrition.

[86]  G. Madras,et al.  Synthesis of biodiesel from edible and non-edible oils in supercritical alcohols and enzymatic synthesis in supercritical carbon dioxide , 2007 .

[87]  Yasuaki Maeda,et al.  Ultrasound-assisted production of biodiesel fuel from vegetable oils in a small scale circulation process. , 2010, Bioresource technology.

[88]  D. M. Alonso,et al.  Biodiesel preparation using Li/CaO catalysts: Activation process and homogeneous contribution , 2009 .

[89]  Gary R. List,et al.  Hydrolysis of soybean oil. in a subcritical water flow reactor , 1999 .

[90]  G. Vicente,et al.  Integrated biodiesel production: a comparison of different homogeneous catalysts systems. , 2004, Bioresource technology.

[91]  Giridhar Madras,et al.  Synthesis of Biodiesel from Castor Oil and Linseed Oil in Supercritical Fluids , 2007 .

[92]  Giridhar Madras,et al.  Synthesis of biodiesel in supercritical fluids , 2004 .

[93]  Costin Sorin Bildea,et al.  Innovative process for fatty acid esters by dual reactive distillation , 2009, Comput. Chem. Eng..

[94]  Chanatip Samart,et al.  Heterogeneous catalysis of transesterification of soybean oil using KI/mesoporous silica , 2009 .

[95]  Karen Wilson,et al.  Structure–activity relations in Cs-doped heteropolyacid catalysts for biodiesel production , 2007 .

[96]  Ayhan Demirbas,et al.  Studies on cottonseed oil biodiesel prepared in non-catalytic SCF conditions. , 2008, Bioresource technology.

[97]  Effect of CO2/N2 addition to supercritical methanol on reactivities and fuel qualities in biodiesel production , 2009 .

[98]  Shiro Saka,et al.  Two-step preparation for catalyst-free biodiesel fuel production , 2004, Applied biochemistry and biotechnology.

[99]  G. Ghesti,et al.  Synthesis, characterization and reactivity of Lewis acid/surfactant cerium trisdodecylsulfate catalyst for transesterification and esterification reactions , 2009 .

[100]  Shenlin Zhu,et al.  Transesterification Kinetics of Soybean Oil for Production of Biodiesel in Supercritical Methanol , 2007 .