Analyzing urbanization data using rural-urban interaction model and logistic growth model

Abstract The level of urbanization is a valuable indicator for projections of some global trends. However, urbanization levels may be based on unreliable data. This study proposes a simple method for identifying problems in the time series of urban and rural populations of a country. The time series were fitted to a rural–urban interaction population model, and improper model coefficients indicated that the time series were questionable. The upper limit of the urbanization level was calculated to determine whether the trend of the urbanization level follows the logistic growth model. An analysis of the frequency–spectrum relationship was performed to determine whether the urbanization process is a self-organized criticality and to consolidate the low possibility for chaos in the urbanization model. Empirical analyses were conducted using data from the United States, China, and India to verify data reliability and to determine the dynamical mechanism of urbanization. This is critical for demographers, geographers, other scientists, and policymakers.

[1]  Wolfgang Lutz,et al.  Expert-based probabilistic population projections , 1998 .

[2]  Heinz-Otto Peitgen,et al.  The science of fractal images , 2011 .

[3]  M. Polése Cities and National Economic Growth: A Reappraisal , 2005 .

[4]  Shinji Kaneko,et al.  Does urbanization lead to less energy use and lower CO2 emissions? A cross-country analysis , 2010 .

[5]  Brian C. O'Neill,et al.  A guide to global population projections. , 2001 .

[6]  Brian C. O'Neill,et al.  Urban and rural energy use and carbon dioxide emissions in Asia , 2012 .

[7]  Kevin Honglin Zhang,et al.  Rural-urban migration and urbanization in China: Evidence from time-series and cross-section analyses , 2003 .

[8]  Colin P.D. Birch,et al.  A New Generalized Logistic Sigmoid Growth Equation Compared with the Richards Growth Equation , 1999 .

[9]  David M. Raup,et al.  How Nature Works: The Science of Self-Organized Criticality , 1997 .

[10]  Karmeshu Demographic Models of Urbanization , 1988 .

[11]  P. Haggett Geography: A Global Synthesis , 2001 .

[12]  A. K. Dutt,et al.  Perspectives on Asian Urbanization: An East-West Comparison , 1994 .

[13]  H. Chenery,et al.  Patterns of Development. , 1976 .

[14]  C. Marchetti,et al.  Human population dynamics revisited with the logistic model: How much can be modeled and predicted? , 1996 .

[15]  Joshua R. Goldstein,et al.  Simpler Probabilistic Population Forecasts: Making Scenarios Work , 2004 .

[16]  Nigel Meade,et al.  Forecasting with growth curves: An empirical comparison , 1995 .

[17]  Nathan Keyfitz,et al.  The limits of population forecasting. , 1981 .

[18]  Executive Summary World Urbanization Prospects: The 2018 Revision , 2019 .

[19]  John H. Holland,et al.  Hidden Order: How Adaptation Builds Complexity , 1995 .

[20]  J. Ledent,et al.  Rural-Urban Migration, Urbanization, and Economic Development , 1982, Economic Development and Cultural Change.

[21]  M. Montgomery The Urban Transformation of the Developing World , 2008, Science.

[22]  Vikas Rai,et al.  Why chaos is rarely observed in natural populations , 1997 .

[23]  Chen Yan-guang On the Urbanization Curves:Types,Stages,and Research Methods , 2012 .

[24]  S. Angel,et al.  The dynamics of global urban expansion , 2005 .

[25]  T. Trussell,et al.  Applied Mathematical Demography. , 1978 .

[26]  A. Kundu Trends and processes of urbanisation in India , 2011 .

[27]  Nico Keilman,et al.  Why population forecasts should be probabilistic - illustrated by the case of Norway , 2002 .

[28]  J. Henderson Urbanization and Economic Development , 2003 .

[29]  Donald Leach,et al.  Re-evaluation of the logistic curve for human populations , 1981 .

[30]  B. Berry The Human Consequences of Urbanisation , 1973 .

[31]  Michel Dimou,et al.  Rank-size City Dynamics in China and India, 1981–2004 , 2012 .

[32]  K. Davis,et al.  Urbanization in Latin America. , 1946, The Milbank Memorial Fund quarterly.

[33]  Pooya Soltantabar Annual Energy Outlook , 2015 .

[34]  R. Alig Urbanization in the US: land use trends, impacts on forest area, projections, and policy considerations , 2010 .

[35]  Tang,et al.  Self-organized criticality. , 1988, Physical review. A, General physics.

[36]  Tim Dyson,et al.  The role of the demographic transition in the process of urbanization. , 2011, Population and development review.

[37]  P. Bocquier WORLD URBANIZATION PROSPECTS: AN ALTERNATIVE TO THE UN MODEL OF PROJECTION COMPATIBLE WITH URBAN TRANSITION THEORY 1 , 2005 .

[38]  J. Ledent Comparative dynamics of three demographic models of urbanization , 1980 .

[39]  Michael Batty,et al.  Self-organized criticality and urban development , 1999 .

[40]  Yanguang Chen,et al.  Spatial interaction creates period-doubling bifurcation and chaos of urbanization , 2009 .

[41]  Stephen P. Ellner,et al.  Chaos in a Noisy World: New Methods and Evidence from Time-Series Analysis , 1995, The American Naturalist.

[42]  F. Oliver Aspects of Maximum Likelihood Estimation of the Logistic Growth Function , 1966 .

[43]  C. Tucker,et al.  Evidence for a significant urbanization effect on climate in China. , 2004, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[44]  B. Cohen Urban Growth in Developing Countries: A Review of Current Trends and a Caution Regarding Existing Forecasts , 2004 .

[45]  A. Raftery,et al.  Probabilistic Projections of the Total Fertility Rate for All Countries , 2011, Demography.

[46]  K. Chan,et al.  The Hukou System and Rural-Urban Migration in China: Processes and Changes , 1999, The China Quarterly.

[47]  Juval Portugali,et al.  Self-Organization and the City , 2009, Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science.

[48]  W. Parker Mauldin,et al.  Annual Meeting of The Population Association , 1951 .

[49]  Michael Batty,et al.  Cities and Complexity: Understanding Cities Through Cellular Automata, Agent-Based Models and Fractals , 2005 .

[50]  Joel E. Cohen,et al.  Should population projections consider "limiting factors" --and if so how? , 1998 .

[51]  R. Woods Urbanisation in Europe and China during the second millennium: a review of urbanism and demography , 2003 .

[52]  Wolfgang Lutz,et al.  Dimensions of global population projections: what do we know about future population trends and structures? , 2010, Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[53]  Duncan Black,et al.  A Theory of Urban Growth , 1999, Journal of Political Economy.

[54]  Michael F. Shlesinger,et al.  Dynamic patterns in complex systems , 1988 .

[55]  David Canning,et al.  Urbanization and the Wealth of Nations , 2008, Science.

[56]  P. Annez,et al.  Urbanization and Growth : Setting the Context , 2009 .

[57]  Yanguang Chen,et al.  Scaling laws and indications of self-organized criticality in urban systems , 2008 .

[58]  B. Jones,et al.  An exploration of relationships between urbanization and per capita income: United States and countries of the world , 1996, Papers in regional science : the journal of the Regional Science Association International.

[59]  Swaminathan S. Aiyar,et al.  Global Economic Prospects projects soft landing , 2001 .

[60]  P. Allen Cities and Regions as Self-Organizing Systems: Models of Complexity , 1997 .

[61]  Chen Yan-guang Modeling the urbanization process of China using the methods based on auto-correlation and spectral analysis , 2007 .

[62]  Mingxing Chen,et al.  Comments on Mulligan's "Revisiting the urbanization curve" , 2014 .

[63]  Robert M. May,et al.  Simple mathematical models with very complicated dynamics , 1976, Nature.

[64]  Counting urban population in chinese censuses 1953–2000: changing definitions, problems and solutions , 2005 .

[65]  Xiaoling Zhang,et al.  An alternative model for evaluating sustainable urbanization , 2012 .

[66]  G. Mulligan Logistic Population Growth in the World's Largest Cities , 2006 .

[67]  Wolfgang Lutz,et al.  Introduction: How to Deal with Uncertainty in Population Forecasting? , 2004 .

[68]  Lukas Furst Cities And Complexity Understanding Cities With Cellular Automata Agent Based Models And Fractals , 2016 .

[69]  M. Fay,et al.  Urbanization Without Growth: A Not-so-Uncommon Phenomenon , 1999 .

[70]  W. Fitzgerald,et al.  Urban Geography , 1949, Nature.

[71]  Gordon F. Mulligan,et al.  Revisiting the urbanization curve , 2013 .

[72]  Nan Li,et al.  Bayesian probabilistic population projections for all countries , 2012, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.

[73]  Andrei Rogers,et al.  Multiregional Demography: Principles, Methods and Extensions , 1995 .

[74]  Yanguang Chen,et al.  Urban chaos and perplexing dynamics of urbanization , 2009 .

[75]  Nathan Keyfitz Do Cities Grow by Natural Increase or by Migration , 2010 .

[76]  William H. Frey,et al.  Defining the City , 2001 .

[77]  Ronald Lee,et al.  Probabilistic Approaches to Population Forecasting , 1998 .

[78]  J. Gibbs Measures of Urbanization , 1966 .

[79]  A. Njoh Urbanization and development in sub-Saharan Africa , 2003 .

[80]  T. Champion Urbanization, Suburbanization, Counterurbanization and Reurbanization , 2001 .

[81]  Luo Jing,et al.  Derivation of relations between urbanization level and velocity from logistic growth model , 2006 .

[82]  P. Knox,et al.  Urbanization: An Introduction to Urban Geography , 1993 .

[83]  D. Dendrinos,et al.  Urban evolution : studies in the mathematical ecology of cities , 1985 .

[84]  Eric Neumayer,et al.  Examining the Impact of Demographic Factors on Air Pollution , 2004 .

[85]  V. Volterra,et al.  Population growth, equilibria, and extinction under specified breeding conditions: a development and extension of the theory of the logistic curve , 1978 .

[86]  Steen Rasmussen,et al.  Urban Settlement Transitions , 2002 .

[87]  K. Chan,et al.  Urbanization in China in the 1990s: New Definition, Different Series, and Revised Trends * , 2003 .

[88]  Richard York,et al.  Demographic trends and energy consumption in European Union Nations, 1960–2025 , 2007 .

[89]  Michael Batty,et al.  From Cells to Cities , 1994 .

[90]  Tang,et al.  Self-Organized Criticality: An Explanation of 1/f Noise , 2011 .

[91]  Li Zhang,et al.  Re-examining China's “Urban” Concept and the Level of Urbanization , 1998, The China Quarterly.

[92]  Karmeshu,et al.  Dynamics of Urbanization: The Empirical Validation of the Replacement Hypothesis , 1989 .

[93]  M. Cadwallader,et al.  Urban Geography: An Analytical Approach , 1995 .

[94]  Tom Wilson,et al.  Recent developments in population projection methodology: a review , 2005 .

[95]  M A Stoto,et al.  The accuracy of population projections. , 1983, Journal of the American Statistical Association.

[96]  P. Verhulst,et al.  Notice sur la loi que la population suit dans son accroissement. Correspondance Mathematique et Physique Publiee par A , 1838 .