Trait of Gait: A Survey on Gait Biometrics

Gait analysis is the study of the systematic methods that assess and quantify animal locomotion. The research on gait analysis has considerably evolved through time. It was an ancient art, and it still finds its application today in modern science and medicine. This paper describes how one's gait can be used as a biometric. It shall diversely cover salient research done within the field and explain the nuances and advances in each type of gait analysis. The prominent methods of gait recognition from the early era to the state of the art are covered. This survey also reviews the various gait datasets. The overall aim of this study is to provide a concise roadmap for anyone who wishes to do research in the field of gait biometrics.

[1]  Dimitris N. Metaxas,et al.  Human gait recognition at sagittal plane , 2007, Image Vis. Comput..

[2]  Ark,et al.  Gait Recognition : Databases , Representations , and Applications , 2015 .

[3]  Girijesh Prasad,et al.  Enhancing gait based person identification using joint sparsity model and ℓ1-norm minimization , 2015, Inf. Sci..

[4]  N. Heneghan,et al.  Barefoot vs common footwear: A systematic review of the kinematic, kinetic and muscle activity differences during walking. , 2015, Gait & posture.

[5]  Shinji Miyazaki,et al.  Comparison of the performance of 3D camera systems , 1995 .

[6]  Zheng Liu,et al.  Enhancing person re-identification by integrating gait biometric , 2014, Neurocomputing.

[7]  Lily Lee,et al.  Gait analysis for classification , 2002 .

[8]  Ashley Marie Putnam The effects of an exhaustive treadmill protocol on running gait in Army Reserve officer training corps cadets , 2013 .

[9]  Tieniu Tan,et al.  Silhouette Analysis-Based Gait Recognition for Human Identification , 2003, IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell..

[10]  Kien Nguyen Thanh Human identification at a distance using iris and face , 2013 .

[11]  Demetri Terzopoulos,et al.  Snakes: Active contour models , 2004, International Journal of Computer Vision.

[12]  Thomas S. Huang,et al.  A framework of joint object tracking and event detection , 2004, Pattern Analysis and Applications.

[13]  Mark S. Nixon,et al.  Using Gait as a Biometric, via Phase-weighted Magnitude Spectra , 1997, AVBPA.

[14]  Nikolaos V. Boulgouris,et al.  Human gait recognition based on matching of body components , 2007, Pattern Recognit..

[15]  Sukyung Park,et al.  Computational evaluation of load carriage effects on gait balance stability , 2016, Computer methods in biomechanics and biomedical engineering.

[16]  Ryo Kurazume,et al.  Gait Recognition Robust to Speed Transition Using Mutual Subspace Method , 2015, ICIAP.

[17]  Wei Xiong,et al.  Active energy image plus 2DLPP for gait recognition , 2010, Signal Process..

[18]  L. Chou,et al.  Detection of gait instability using the center of mass and center of pressure inclination angles. , 2006, Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation.

[19]  Yohan Dupuis,et al.  Feature subset selection applied to model-free gait recognition , 2013, Image Vis. Comput..

[20]  Tania Stathaki,et al.  Gait recognition method for arbitrary straight walking paths using appearance conversion machine , 2016, Neurocomputing.

[21]  Tieniu Tan,et al.  Efficient Night Gait Recognition Based on Template Matching , 2006, 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR'06).

[22]  Hyun-Ok Lee,et al.  Influence of load and carrying method on gait, specifically pelvic movement , 2016, Journal of physical therapy science.

[23]  Yasushi Makihara,et al.  The OU-ISIR Gait Database Comprising the Treadmill Dataset , 2012, IPSJ Trans. Comput. Vis. Appl..

[24]  Dimitris Kastaniotis,et al.  Gait-based gender recognition using pose information for real time applications , 2013, 2013 18th International Conference on Digital Signal Processing (DSP).

[25]  Madasu Hanmandlu,et al.  Content-based Image Retrieval by Information Theoretic Measure , 2011 .

[26]  Smriti Srivastava,et al.  Gait based authentication using gait information image features , 2015, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[27]  Charles F. Hockett,et al.  A mathematical theory of communication , 1948, MOCO.

[28]  Gerhard Rigoll,et al.  2.5D gait biometrics using the Depth Gradient Histogram Energy Image , 2012, 2012 IEEE Fifth International Conference on Biometrics: Theory, Applications and Systems (BTAS).

[29]  Yasushi Makihara,et al.  GEINet: View-invariant gait recognition using a convolutional neural network , 2016, 2016 International Conference on Biometrics (ICB).

[30]  João Paulo Vilas-Boas,et al.  The influence of gait cadence on the ground reaction forces and plantar pressures during load carriage of young adults. , 2015, Applied ergonomics.

[31]  Shie Mannor,et al.  Activity Recognition with Mobile Phones , 2011, ECML/PKDD.

[32]  Qiang Wu,et al.  Automatic Gait Recognition Using Weighted Binary Pattern on Video , 2009, 2009 Sixth IEEE International Conference on Advanced Video and Signal Based Surveillance.

[33]  Michael W. Whittle,et al.  Gait Analysis: An Introduction , 1986 .

[34]  Mark S. Nixon,et al.  On Acquisition and Analysis of a Dataset Comprising of Gait, Ear and Semantic data , 2011 .

[35]  James J. Little,et al.  Biometric Gait Recognition , 2003, Advanced Studies in Biometrics.

[36]  Chao Li,et al.  DeepGait: A Learning Deep Convolutional Representation for View-Invariant Gait Recognition Using Joint Bayesian , 2017 .

[37]  António Veloso,et al.  GAIT ANALYSIS IN THE ELDERLY: AN INDUCED ACCELERATION APPROACH , 2012 .

[38]  Mark S. Nixon,et al.  The Effect of Time on Gait Recognition Performance , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security.

[39]  David Zhang,et al.  Human gait recognition by the fusion of motion and static spatio-temporal templates , 2007, Pattern Recognit..

[40]  Mark S. Nixon,et al.  Recognising humans by gait via parametric canonical space , 1999, Artif. Intell. Eng..

[41]  Bir Bhanu,et al.  Individual recognition using gait energy image , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[42]  Adam Prügel-Bennett,et al.  Automatic gait recognition using area-based metric , 2003, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[43]  Zeno J. Geradts,et al.  Use of gait parameters of persons in video surveillance systems , 2002, SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing.

[44]  Jiwen Lu,et al.  Robust gait recognition via discriminative set matching , 2013, J. Vis. Commun. Image Represent..

[45]  Björn W. Schuller,et al.  The TUM Gait from Audio, Image and Depth (GAID) database: Multimodal recognition of subjects and traits , 2014, J. Vis. Commun. Image Represent..

[46]  R. Fitzpatrick,et al.  Acceleration patterns of the head and pelvis when walking on level and irregular surfaces. , 2003, Gait & posture.

[47]  Mark S. Nixon,et al.  On a Large Sequence-Based Human Gait Database , 2004 .

[48]  Tung-Wu Lu,et al.  Effects of long-term wearing of high-heeled shoes on the control of the body's center of mass motion in relation to the center of pressure during walking. , 2014, Gait & posture.

[49]  Sudeep Sarkar,et al.  Improved gait recognition by gait dynamics normalization , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[50]  Dimitrios Hatzinakos,et al.  Gait recognition using linear time normalization , 2006, Pattern Recognit..

[51]  Hu Ng,et al.  Development of Vision Based Multiview Gait Recognition System with MMUGait Database , 2014, TheScientificWorldJournal.

[52]  Rawesak Tanawongsuwan,et al.  A Study of Human Gaits across Different Speeds , 2003 .

[53]  Aaron F. Bobick,et al.  Gait recognition from time-normalized joint-angle trajectories in the walking plane , 2001, Proceedings of the 2001 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. CVPR 2001.

[54]  Yasushi Makihara,et al.  The largest inertial sensor-based gait database and performance evaluation of gait-based personal authentication , 2014, Pattern Recognit..

[55]  Manuela Galli,et al.  Effects of flooring on ground reaction forces and required coefficient of friction : elderly adult vs . middle-aged adult barefoot gait ” , 2015 .

[56]  Ralph Gross,et al.  The CMU Motion of Body (MoBo) Database , 2001 .

[57]  Hiroshi Murase,et al.  Moving object recognition in eigenspace representation: gait analysis and lip reading , 1996, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[58]  Rama Chellappa,et al.  Combining multiple evidences for gait recognition , 2003, 2003 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, 2003. Proceedings. (ICASSP '03)..

[59]  Dimitris Kastaniotis,et al.  A framework for gait-based recognition using Kinect , 2015, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[60]  Yasushi Makihara,et al.  The OU-ISIR Gait Database Comprising the Large Population Dataset and Performance Evaluation of Gait Recognition , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security.

[61]  Xudong Jiang,et al.  Human Body Part Selection by Group Lasso of Motion for Model-Free Gait Recognition , 2016, IEEE Signal Processing Letters.

[62]  Mark S. Nixon,et al.  Automatic Gait Recognition by Symmetry Analysis , 2001, AVBPA.

[63]  Yasushi Makihara,et al.  Gait Recognition under Speed Transition , 2014, 2014 IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[64]  Tieniu Tan,et al.  Evaluation framework on translation-invariant representation for cumulative foot pressure image , 2011, 2011 18th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing.

[65]  Jean Meunier,et al.  Extracting silhouette-based characteristics for human gait analysis using one camera , 2014, SoICT.

[66]  Shaogang Gong,et al.  Gait recognition without subject cooperation , 2010, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[67]  Shamik Sural,et al.  Gait Recognition in the Presence of Occlusion: A New Dataset and Baseline Algorithms , 2011 .

[68]  Chen Wang,et al.  Human Identification Using Temporal Information Preserving Gait Template , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[69]  Tieniu Tan,et al.  Robust view transformation model for gait recognition , 2011, 2011 18th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing.

[70]  R. Cham,et al.  Changes in gait when anticipating slippery floors. , 2002, Gait & Posture.

[71]  Shamik Sural,et al.  Frontal gait recognition from occluded scenes , 2015, Pattern Recognit. Lett..

[72]  Yasushi Makihara,et al.  View Transformation Model Incorporating Quality Measures for Cross-View Gait Recognition , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Cybernetics.

[73]  Mark S. Nixon,et al.  Performance analysis for gait in camera networks , 2008, AREA '08.

[74]  Marcus Fraga Vieira,et al.  Effects of general fatigue induced by incremental maximal exercise test on gait stability and variability of healthy young subjects. , 2016, Journal of electromyography and kinesiology : official journal of the International Society of Electrophysiological Kinesiology.

[75]  Yasushi Makihara,et al.  Gait recognition by fluctuations , 2014, Comput. Vis. Image Underst..

[76]  James Nga-Kwok Liu,et al.  Gait flow image: A silhouette-based gait representation for human identification , 2011, Pattern Recognit..

[77]  Jean-Yves Reginster,et al.  Correlation between muscle mass and muscle strength and their association with physical performance and gait speed , 2015 .

[78]  Alan W. C. Tan,et al.  Gait recognition with Transient Binary Patterns , 2015, J. Vis. Commun. Image Represent..

[79]  Xianglei Xing,et al.  Complete canonical correlation analysis with application to multi-view gait recognition , 2016, Pattern Recognit..

[80]  Aaron F. Bobick,et al.  Performance Analysis of Time-Distance Gait Parameters under Different Speeds , 2003, AVBPA.

[81]  Tieniu Tan,et al.  Automatic gait recognition based on statistical shape analysis , 2003, IEEE Trans. Image Process..

[82]  Ruoli Wang,et al.  Biomechanical consequences of gait impairment at the ankle and foot : Injury, malalignment, and co-contraction , 2012 .

[83]  Sang Joon Kim,et al.  A Mathematical Theory of Communication , 2006 .

[84]  J. Montepare,et al.  The identification of emotions from gait information , 1987 .

[85]  Aaron F. Bobick,et al.  A Multi-view Method for Gait Recognition Using Static Body Parameters , 2001, AVBPA.

[86]  Sudeep Sarkar,et al.  The humanID gait challenge problem: data sets, performance, and analysis , 2005, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[87]  Edward H. Adelson,et al.  Analyzing and recognizing walking figures in XYT , 1994, 1994 Proceedings of IEEE Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition.

[88]  J. Little,et al.  Recognizing People by Their Gait: The Shape of Motion , 1998 .

[89]  Tieniu Tan,et al.  A Framework for Evaluating the Effect of View Angle, Clothing and Carrying Condition on Gait Recognition , 2006, 18th International Conference on Pattern Recognition (ICPR'06).

[90]  Jasmine C Menant,et al.  Effects of walking surfaces and footwear on temporo-spatial gait parameters in young and older people. , 2009, Gait & posture.

[91]  Wei Zeng,et al.  View-invariant gait recognition via deterministic learning , 2016, Neurocomputing.

[92]  Rama Chellappa,et al.  Identification of humans using gait , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Image Processing.

[93]  Sudeep Sarkar,et al.  Outdoor recognition at a distance by fusing gait and face , 2007, Image Vis. Comput..

[94]  Xiaogang Wang,et al.  A Comprehensive Study on Cross-View Gait Based Human Identification with Deep CNNs , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[95]  Rama Chellappa,et al.  A framework for activity-specific human identification , 2002, 2002 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing.

[96]  Md. Atiqur Rahman Ahad,et al.  Motion History Images for Action Recognition and Understanding , 2012, SpringerBriefs in Computer Science.