What Are Normal Defecation Patterns in Healthy Children up to Four Years of Age? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

[1]  Xue-bin Xu,et al.  Stool Saponified Fatty Acid, Behavior, Growth, and Stool Characteristics in Infants Fed a High-OPO Formula: A Randomized, Double-Blind Clinical Trial , 2021, Frontiers in Pediatrics.

[2]  D. B. Meir,et al.  MP51-08 VOIDING PATTERN IN HEALTHY TERM NEWBORNS: A 24 HOURS VOLUME/FREQUENCY CHART USING ALARM BELLS , 2021 .

[3]  C. Stanton,et al.  A randomized, double blind, parallel, placebo‐controlled study to investigate the efficacy of Lactobacillus paracasei N1115 in gut development of young children , 2021, Food science & nutrition.

[4]  S. Jennewein,et al.  Clinical Evaluation of 16-Week Supplementation with 5HMO-Mix in Healthy-Term Human Infants to Determine Tolerability, Safety, and Effect on Growth , 2021, Nutrients.

[5]  H. Smidt,et al.  The Modified Bristol Stool Form Scale: A Reliable and Valid Tool to Score Stool Consistency in Dutch (Non)Toilet-trained Toddlers , 2021, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[6]  C. Cercamondi,et al.  Infant formula containing bovine milk-derived oligosaccharides supports age-appropriate growth and improves stooling pattern , 2021, Pediatric Research.

[7]  F. Guarner,et al.  Long-Term Safety and Efficacy of Prebiotic Enriched Infant Formula—A Randomized Controlled Trial , 2021, Nutrients.

[8]  Y. Vandenplas,et al.  Real Time Versus Photographic Assessment of Stool Consistency Using the Brussels Infant and Toddler Stool Scale: Are They Telling Us the Same? , 2021, Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition.

[9]  O. Hernell,et al.  Reducing Iron Content in Infant Formula from 8 to 2 mg/L Does Not Increase the Risk of Iron Deficiency at 4 or 6 Months of Age: A Randomized Controlled Trial , 2020, Nutrients.

[10]  M. Abrahamse-Berkeveld,et al.  A Partly Fermented Infant Formula with Postbiotics Including 3′-GL, Specific Oligosaccharides, 2′-FL, and Milk Fat Supports Adequate Growth, Is Safe and Well-Tolerated in Healthy Term Infants: A Double-Blind, Randomised, Controlled, Multi-Country Trial , 2020, Nutrients.

[11]  M. Saps,et al.  Utility of the Brussels Infant and Toddler Stool Scale (BITSS) and Bristol Stool Scale in non‐toilet‐trained children: A large comparative study , 2020, Neurogastroenterology and motility : the official journal of the European Gastrointestinal Motility Society.

[12]  T. Kinouchi,et al.  Growth of term infants fed a commercial infant formula with a protein content of 2.2 g/100 kcal: an observational follow-up study , 2019, Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry.

[13]  M. Camilleri,et al.  Management of functional constipation in children and adults , 2019, Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology.

[14]  T. Ludwig,et al.  Gastrointestinal Tolerance, Growth and Safety of a Partly Fermented Formula with Specific Prebiotics in Healthy Infants: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial , 2019, Nutrients.

[15]  P. de Vos,et al.  Non-digestible carbohydrates in infant formula as substitution for human milk oligosaccharide functions: Effects on microbiota and gut maturation , 2019, Critical reviews in food science and nutrition.

[16]  F. Gottrand,et al.  The Brussels Infant and Toddler Stool Scale: A Study On Inter-Observer Reliability. , 2019, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[17]  M. Juffrie,et al.  Dosage-Related Prebiotic Effects of Inulin in Formula-Fed Infants , 2019, Pediatric gastroenterology, hepatology & nutrition.

[18]  T. Rakza,et al.  The bowel movement characteristics of exclusively breastfed and exclusively formula fed infants differ during the first three months of life , 2018, Acta paediatrica.

[19]  C. Di Lorenzo,et al.  Prevalence of Functional Defecation Disorders in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis , 2018, The Journal of pediatrics.

[20]  F. Prodam,et al.  Three-Month Feeding Integration With Bifidobacterium Strains Prevents Gastrointestinal Symptoms in Healthy Newborns , 2018, Front. Nutr..

[21]  I. Polanco,et al.  Bifidobacterium longum subsp infantis CECT7210-supplemented formula reduces diarrhea in healthy infants: a randomized controlled trial , 2018, Pediatric Research.

[22]  P. Chatchatee,et al.  A synbiotic mixture of scGOS/lcFOS and Bifidobacterium breve M-16V increases faecal Bifidobacterium in healthy young children. , 2018, Beneficial microbes.

[23]  M. Salö,et al.  Evaluation of bowel function in healthy children: untreated constipation is common , 2018, Acta paediatrica.

[24]  M. Giannì,et al.  No effect of adding dairy lipids or long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on formula tolerance and growth in full term infants: a randomized controlled trial , 2018, BMC Pediatrics.

[25]  Yu-ming Chen,et al.  Growth, Gastrointestinal Tolerance and Stool Characteristics of Healthy Term Infants Fed an Infant Formula Containing Hydrolyzed Whey Protein (63%) and Intact Casein (37%): A Randomized Clinical Trial , 2017, Nutrients.

[26]  D. Panagiotakos,et al.  Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is associated with the gut microbiota pattern and gastrointestinal characteristics in an adult population , 2017, British Journal of Nutrition.

[27]  J. Smilowitz,et al.  Safety and tolerability of Bifidobacterium longum subspecies infantis EVC001 supplementation in healthy term breastfed infants: a phase I clinical trial , 2017, BMC Pediatrics.

[28]  T. Ludwig,et al.  Randomised controlled trial demonstrates that fermented infant formula with short‐chain galacto‐oligosaccharides and long‐chain fructo‐oligosaccharides reduces the incidence of infantile colic , 2017, Acta paediatrica.

[29]  J. Slavin,et al.  Dietary fiber and digestive health in children , 2017, Nutrition reviews.

[30]  Daniel D. Drevon,et al.  Intercoder Reliability and Validity of WebPlotDigitizer in Extracting Graphed Data , 2017, Behavior modification.

[31]  Paula Alvito,et al.  Extending in vitro digestion models to specific human populations: Perspectives, practical tools and bio-relevant information , 2017 .

[32]  L. Ward,et al.  Effect of Human Milk Appetite Hormones, Macronutrients, and Infant Characteristics on Gastric Emptying and Breastfeeding Patterns of Term Fully Breastfed Infants , 2016, Nutrients.

[33]  A. Firmansyah,et al.  Bowel habits of exclusively breastfed 0-4 month-old babies , 2016 .

[34]  C. Di Lorenzo,et al.  Using the Bristol Stool Scale and Parental Report of Stool Consistency as Part of the Rome III Criteria for Functional Constipation in Infants and Toddlers. , 2016, The Journal of pediatrics.

[35]  A. Ansari,et al.  Bowel Habits of Healthy Indian Children Less Than Two Years of Age. , 2016, Revista medico-chirurgicala a Societatii de Medici si Naturalisti din Iasi.

[36]  H. Dalili,et al.  Effects of baby massage on neonatal jaundice in healthy Iranian infants: A pilot study. , 2016, Infant behavior & development.

[37]  Jennifer A. Williams,et al.  Infants Fed a Lower Calorie Formula With 2′FL Show Growth and 2′FL Uptake Like Breast-Fed Infants , 2015, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[38]  W. H. Johnston,et al.  Growth and tolerance of formula with lactoferrin in infants through one year of age: double-blind, randomized, controlled trial , 2015, BMC Pediatrics.

[39]  Jeroen Raes,et al.  Stool consistency is strongly associated with gut microbiota richness and composition, enterotypes and bacterial growth rates , 2015, Gut.

[40]  S. Özkan,et al.  Defecation patterns of the infants mainly breastfed from birth till the 12th month: Prospective cohort study. , 2015, The Turkish Journal of Gastroenterology.

[41]  R. Lien,et al.  Stool fatty acid soaps, stool consistency and gastrointestinal tolerance in term infants fed infant formulas containing high sn-2 palmitate with or without oligofructose: a double-blind, randomized clinical trial , 2014, Nutrition Journal.

[42]  H. Sanada,et al.  Relationship Between Skin Barrier Function in Early Neonates and Diaper Dermatitis During the First Month of Life: A Prospective Observational Study , 2014, Pediatric dermatology.

[43]  C. Paule,et al.  Tolerance of Formulas Containing Prebiotics in Healthy, Term Infants , 2014, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[44]  M. Kullen,et al.  Effect of an α-Lactalbumin-Enriched Infant Formula Supplemented With Oligofructose on Fecal Microbiota, Stool Characteristics, and Hydration Status , 2014, Clinical pediatrics.

[45]  D. Nemet,et al.  Reduced crying in term infants fed high beta-palmitate formula: a double-blind randomized clinical trial , 2014, BMC Pediatrics.

[46]  S. Mittal,et al.  Variation in Bowel Habits of Healthy Indian Children Aged up to Two Years , 2014, The Indian Journal of Pediatrics.

[47]  A. Staiano,et al.  Evaluation and Treatment of Functional Constipation in Infants and Children: Evidence-Based Recommendations From ESPGHAN and NASPGHAN , 2014, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[48]  M. Benninga,et al.  Amsterdam infant stool scale is more useful for assessing children who have not been toilet trained than Bristol stool scale , 2014, Acta paediatrica.

[49]  N. Ferré,et al.  Safety and efficacy of inulin and oligofructose supplementation in infant formula: results from a randomized clinical trial. , 2013, Clinical nutrition.

[50]  J. M. Rodríguez,et al.  The human milk microbiota: origin and potential roles in health and disease. , 2013, Pharmacological research.

[51]  A. Barros,et al.  Characteristics of Intestinal Habits in Children Younger Than 4 Years: Detecting Constipation , 2012, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[52]  C. Berseth,et al.  Growth and tolerance of infants fed formula supplemented with polydextrose (PDX) and/or galactooligosaccharides (GOS): double-blind, randomized, controlled trial , 2012, Nutrition Journal.

[53]  M. Benninga,et al.  The defecation pattern of healthy term infants up to the age of 3 months , 2012, Archives of Disease in Childhood: Fetal and Neonatal Edition.

[54]  M. Giannì,et al.  Tolerance and Safety Evaluation in a Large Cohort of Healthy Infants Fed an Innovative Prebiotic Formula: A Randomized Controlled Trial , 2011, PloS one.

[55]  P. Assam,et al.  Physiological and Bifidogenic Effects of Prebiotic Supplements in Infant Formulae , 2011, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[56]  Mitsuko Sayama,et al.  Baby massage ameliorates neonatal jaundice in full-term newborn infants. , 2011, The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine.

[57]  A. Petherick.  Development: Mother's milk: A rich opportunity , 2010, Nature.

[58]  A. Theamboonlers,et al.  Effect of a whey-predominant starter formula containing LCPUFAs and oligosaccharides (FOS/GOS) on gastrointestinal comfort in infants. , 2010, Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition.

[59]  M. Benninga,et al.  Bowel Habits in the First 24 Months of Life: Preterm- Versus Term-born Infants , 2010, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[60]  K. Yurdakök,et al.  Feeding on one side or both sides in a breast‐feeding session , 2009, Pediatrics international : official journal of the Japan Pediatric Society.

[61]  R. Calabrese,et al.  High Faecal Calprotectin Levels in Healthy, Exclusively Breast-Fed Infants , 2009, Neonatology.

[62]  D. Moher,et al.  Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: The PRISMA Statement , 2009, BMJ : British Medical Journal.

[63]  H. Borgo,et al.  Recalled and recorded bowel habits confirm early onset and high frequency of constipation in day-care nursery children. , 2009, Arquivos de gastroenterologia.

[64]  Banchaun Benjasuwantep,et al.  Bowel movements of normal Thai infants. , 2009, The Southeast Asian journal of tropical medicine and public health.

[65]  J. Reitsma,et al.  Infant stool form scale: development and results. , 2009, The Journal of pediatrics.

[66]  C. Di Lorenzo,et al.  Bowel Habits and Toilet Training in a Diverse Population of Children , 2009, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[67]  R. Mackie,et al.  Molecular Ecological Analysis of Fecal Bacterial Populations from Term Infants Fed Formula Supplemented with Selected Blends of Prebiotics , 2008, Applied and Environmental Microbiology.

[68]  X. Ben,et al.  Low level of galacto-oligosaccharide in infant formula stimulates growth of intestinal Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli. , 2008, World journal of gastroenterology.

[69]  V. Vuksan,et al.  Using cereal to increase dietary fiber intake to the recommended level and the effect of fiber on bowel function in healthy persons consuming North American diets. , 2008, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[70]  U. Beyazova,et al.  Factors associated with defecation patterns in 0–24-month-old children , 2008, European Journal of Pediatrics.

[71]  E. Reifsnider,et al.  The Neonatal Bowel Output Study: indicators of adequate breast milk intake in neonates. , 2006, Pediatric nursing.

[72]  M. Benninga,et al.  Childhood Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders: Neonate/Toddler. , 2016, Gastroenterology.

[73]  M. Sormani,et al.  Self-perceived normality in defecation habits. , 2005, Digestive and liver disease : official journal of the Italian Society of Gastroenterology and the Italian Association for the Study of the Liver.

[74]  L. Greco,et al.  Bowel frequency and defecatory patterns in children: a prospective nationwide survey. , 2005, Clinical gastroenterology and hepatology : the official clinical practice journal of the American Gastroenterological Association.

[75]  I. Hozo,et al.  Estimating the mean and variance from the median, range, and the size of a sample , 2005, BMC medical research methodology.

[76]  G. Veereman-Wauters,et al.  Gastric emptying in infants and children. , 2003, Acta gastro-enterologica Belgica.

[77]  S. Reif,et al.  Colonic Hydrogen Elimination and Methane Production in Infants with and Without Infantile Colic Syndrome , 2003, Digestive Diseases and Sciences.

[78]  G. Comer,et al.  Gastrointestinal tolerance of a new infant milk formula in healthy babies: an international study conducted in 17 countries. , 2002, Nutrition.

[79]  N. Chen,et al.  Gastrointestinal tolerance of a new infant milk formula in healthy infants: multicenter study conducted in Taiwan. , 2002, Asia Pacific journal of clinical nutrition.

[80]  B. Stahl,et al.  Dosage-Related Bifidogenic Effects of Galacto- and Fructooligosaccharides in Formula-Fed Term Infants , 2002, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[81]  C. L. Williams,et al.  Plant stanol ester and bran fiber in childhood: effects on lipids, stool weight and stool frequency in preschool children. , 1999, Journal of the American College of Nutrition.

[82]  A. Ryan,et al.  Formula Tolerance in Postbreastfed and Exclusively Formula-fed Infants , 1999, Pediatrics.

[83]  C. Costalos,et al.  Gut hormone levels in neonates under phototherapy. , 1998, Early human development.

[84]  D. Moore,et al.  Bowel habits of healthy Australian children aged 0‐2 years , 1996, Journal of paediatrics and child health.

[85]  O. Erinoso,et al.  Defaecation pattern and intestinal transit in Nigerian children. , 1995, African journal of medicine and medical sciences.

[86]  S. Osatakul,et al.  Bowel Habits of Normal Thai Children , 1995, Journal of pediatric gastroenterology and nutrition.

[87]  J. Hyams,et al.  Effect of infant formula on stool characteristics of young infants. , 1995, Pediatrics.

[88]  T. Bolin,et al.  A prospective study on defecation frequency, stool weight, and consistency. , 1994, Archives of disease in childhood.

[89]  D. Leedy,et al.  Evaluation of two iron-fortified, milk-based formulas during infancy. , 1993, Pediatrics.

[90]  W. Seeley,et al.  Toilet habits and continence in children: an opportunity sampling in search of normal parameters. , 1993, The Journal of urology.

[91]  F. Cataldo,et al.  Bowel Frequency in Healthy Children , 1989, Acta paediatrica Scandinavica.

[92]  C. J. Richardson,et al.  Parenteral antibiotics and carbohydrate intolerance in term neonates. , 1986, American journal of diseases of children.

[93]  A. Walker,et al.  Bowel behaviour in young black and white children. , 1985, Archives of disease in childhood.

[94]  I. Carrió,et al.  Gastric emptying of solid and liquid meals in healthy young subjects. , 1984, Scandinavian journal of gastroenterology.

[95]  L. Weaver,et al.  The bowel habit of young children. , 1984, Archives of disease in childhood.

[96]  D. Drossman,et al.  Bowel patterns among subjects not seeking health care. Use of a questionnaire to identify a population with bowel dysfunction. , 1982, Gastroenterology.

[97]  B. Cavkll.  GASTRIC EMPTYING IN INFANTS FED HUMAN MILK OR INFANT FORMULA , 1981 .

[98]  O G Brooke,et al.  Frequency and weight of normal stools in infancy. , 1979, Archives of disease in childhood.

[99]  J. Lennard-jones,et al.  Variation of bowel habit in two population samples. , 1965, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine.

[100]  W. Nyhan.  Stool frequency of normal infants in the first week of life. , 1952, Pediatrics.

[101]  Shumei S. Sun,et al.  Effects of prebiotic-containing infant formula on gastrointestinal tolerance and fecal microbiota in a randomized controlled trial. , 2012, JPEN. Journal of parenteral and enteral nutrition.

[102]  A. Barros,et al.  Toilet training: methods, parental expectations and associated dysfunctions. , 2008, Jornal de pediatria.

[103]  A. D'alessandro,et al.  Diarrheal diseases of infancy in Cali, Colombia: study design and summary report on isolated disease agents. , 1976, Bulletin of the Pan American Health Organization.