Quality of regenerated bone enhanced by implantation of octacalcium phosphate-collagen composite.

The present study was designed to investigate whether mechanical testing in conjunction with microcomputed tomography (microCT) analysis can be used to evaluate the quality of regenerated bone enhanced by the implantation of a composite composed of granular octacalcium phosphate and collagen (OCP/Col) matrix. Previous studies confirmed that the granules of OCP alone or OCP in Col matrix tend to mature into bone-like hydroxyapatite and enhance bone regeneration coupled with its own biodegradation, if implanted in various bony sites. OCP/Col was implanted in rat calvaria critical-sized bone defect for 4 to 12 weeks for microindentation, mechanical testing, microCT imaging, and histological examinations. The microindentation testing of the regenerated bone revealed a progressive increase of the Vickers hardness showing the highest value in 12 weeks. The Vickers hardness was in good agreement with both the parameters of microCT and the mechanical property; the quality of regenerated bone increased progressively with the implantation periods. The regenerated bone exhibited a mature bone-like matrix structure with osteocytes histologically. The quality of the regenerated bone was compatible to that of normal control calvaria bone regarding the mechanical properties. The results indicate that microindentation testing can be used to evaluate the quality of regenerated bone in the initial regeneration and the development of bone enhanced by OCP granules within Col matrix. It appears that the implantation of OCP/Col could be a model study to determine the quality of the regenerated bone.

[1]  S. Majumdar,et al.  High-resolution magnetic resonance imaging: three-dimensional trabecular bone architecture and biomechanical properties. , 1998, Bone.

[2]  O. Suzuki,et al.  Formation of bone-like apatite enhanced by hydrolysis of octacalcium phosphate crystals deposited in collagen matrix. , 2007, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials.

[3]  M. Bouxsein,et al.  Bone quality: where do we go from here? , 2003, Osteoporosis International.

[4]  A. Boskey,et al.  FT-IR imaging of native and tissue-engineered bone and cartilage. , 2007, Biomaterials.

[5]  Richard Weinkamer,et al.  Effect of Temporal Changes in Bone Turnover on the Bone Mineralization Density Distribution: A Computer Simulation Study , 2008, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[6]  W. Landis.  The strength of a calcified tissue depends in part on the molecular structure and organization of its constituent mineral crystals in their organic matrix. , 1995, Bone.

[7]  A. Boskey.  Current concepts of the physiology and biochemistry of calcification. , 1981, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[8]  Naoto Endo,et al.  Comparison of hydroxyapatite and beta tricalcium phosphate as bone substitutes after excision of bone tumors. , 2005, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials.

[9]  T. Anada,et al.  Octacalcium phosphate combined with collagen orthotopically enhances bone regeneration. , 2006, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part B, Applied biomaterials.

[10]  S. Kamihira,et al.  Stimulatory effect of hydrothermally synthesized biodegradable hydroxyapatite granules on osteogenesis and direct association with osteoclasts. , 2009, Biomaterials.

[11]  H. Kikkawa,et al.  Changes in micro-CT 3D bone parameters reflect effects of a potent cathepsin K inhibitor (SB-553484) on bone resorption and cortical bone formation in ovariectomized mice. , 2007, Bone.

[12]  O. Suzuki,et al.  Comparative Study on Osteoconductivity by Synthetic Octacalcium Phosphate and Sintered Hydroxyapatite in Rabbit Bone Marrow , 2006, Calcified Tissue International.

[13]  W. E. Brown,et al.  Procedure for the study of acidic calcium phosphate precursor phases in enamel mineral formation , 1992, Calcified Tissue International.

[14]  J. Berenson,et al.  Treatment for Myeloma Bone Disease , 2006, Clinical Cancer Research.

[15]  H. Yoshikawa,et al.  Alendronate treatment promotes bone formation with a less anisotropic microstructure during intramembranous ossification in rats , 2008, Journal of Bone and Mineral Metabolism.

[16]  O. Suzuki,et al.  Maclura pomifera agglutinin-binding glycoconjugates on converted apatite from synthetic octacalcium phosphate implanted into subperiosteal region of mouse calvaria. , 1993, Bone and mineral.

[17]  A. Boskey.  Assessment of bone mineral and matrix using backscatter electron imaging and FTIR imaging , 2006, Current osteoporosis reports.

[18]  O. Suzuki,et al.  Implantation of octacalcium phosphate (OCP) in rat skull defects enhances bone repair. , 1999, Journal of dental research.

[19]  M. Saito,et al.  Role of collagen enzymatic and glycation induced cross-links as a determinant of bone quality in spontaneously diabetic WBN/Kob rats , 2006, Osteoporosis International.

[20]  A. Boyde,et al.  Tissue mineralization is increased following 1-year treatment with high doses of bisphosphonates in dogs. , 2003, Bone.

[21]  S. Boonen,et al.  The bone quality framework: determinants of bone strength and their interrelationships, and implications for osteoporosis management. , 2005, Clinical therapeutics.

[22]  William Bonfield,et al.  Ultrastructural observation of single-crystal apatite fibres. , 2005, Biomaterials.

[23]  Ling Qin,et al.  Low intensity pulsed ultrasound increases the matrix hardness of the healing tissues at bone-tendon insertion-a partial patellectomy model in rabbits. , 2006, Clinical biomechanics.

[24]  S. Judex,et al.  Accretion of Bone Quantity and Quality in the Developing Mouse Skeleton , 2007, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[25]  O. Suzuki,et al.  Bone formation on synthetic precursors of hydroxyapatite. , 1991, The Tohoku journal of experimental medicine.

[26]  M. Chance,et al.  A method for examining the chemical basis for bone disease: synchrotron infrared microspectroscopy. , 1998, Cellular and molecular biology.

[27]  A. Boskey.  Bone mineral crystal size , 2003, Osteoporosis International.

[28]  W. Bonfield,et al.  Anisotropy of the Young's modulus of bone , 1977, Nature.

[29]  E. Morgan,et al.  Measurement of fracture callus material properties via nanoindentation. , 2008, Acta biomaterialia.

[30]  O. Suzuki,et al.  Bone regeneration by synthetic octacalcium phosphate and its role in biological mineralization. , 2008, Current medicinal chemistry.

[31]  Nicole J. Crane,et al.  Raman spectroscopic evidence for octacalcium phosphate and other transient mineral species deposited during intramembranous mineralization. , 2006, Bone.

[32]  R. Shelton,et al.  Influence of calcium phosphate crystal assemblies on the proliferation and osteogenic gene expression of rat bone marrow stromal cells. , 2007, Biomaterials.

[33]  Antonios G. Mikos,et al.  Injectable biodegradable hydrogel composites for rabbit marrow mesenchymal stem cell and growth factor delivery for cartilage tissue engineering. , 2007, Biomaterials.

[34]  D. Burr.  The contribution of the organic matrix to bone's material properties. , 2002, Bone.

[35]  J. Nyman,et al.  Age-related effect on the concentration of collagen crosslinks in human osteonal and interstitial bone tissue. , 2006, Bone.

[36]  W. Stanford,et al.  Longitudinal Analysis of Mesenchymal Progenitors and Bone Quality in the Stem Cell Antigen‐1–Null Osteoporotic Mouse , 2007, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[37]  W. Ambrosius,et al.  Does microdamage accumulation affect the mechanical properties of bone? , 1998, Journal of biomechanics.

[38]  E. Stokstad.  Bone Quality Fills Holes in Fracture Risk , 2005, Science.

[39]  S. Ban,et al.  Phase transformation of octacalcium phosphate in vivo and in vitro. , 1992, Dental materials journal.

[40]  Y. Tabata,et al.  Unique alignment and texture of biological apatite crystallites in typical calcified tissues analyzed by microbeam X-ray diffractometer system. , 2002, Bone.

[41]  H. Ankarali,et al.  Deterioration of bone quality by long-term magnetic field with extremely low frequency in rats. , 2008, Bone.

[42]  T. Kawai,et al.  Synthetic octacalcium phosphate augments bone regeneration correlated with its content in collagen scaffold. , 2009, Tissue engineering. Part A.

[43]  A. Bigi,et al.  Porous composite scaffolds based on gelatin and partially hydrolyzed alpha-tricalcium phosphate. , 2009, Acta biomaterialia.

[44]  Theo H Smit,et al.  Osteocyte morphology in human tibiae of different bone pathologies with different bone mineral density--is there a role for mechanosensing? , 2009, Bone.

[45]  R. Shelton,et al.  Bone marrow cell gene expression and tissue construct assembly using octacalcium phosphate microscaffolds. , 2006, Biomaterials.

[46]  R. Legeros,et al.  Properties of osteoconductive biomaterials: calcium phosphates. , 2002, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[47]  C. V. van Blitterswijk,et al.  Osteogenecity of octacalcium phosphate coatings applied on porous metal implants. , 2003, Journal of biomedical materials research. Part A.

[48]  C. Mou,et al.  Solid‐State NMR Study of the Transformation of Octacalcium Phosphate to Hydroxyapatite: A Mechanistic Model for Central Dark Line Formation. , 2006 .

[49]  R. Kamijo,et al.  Bone formation enhanced by implanted octacalcium phosphate involving conversion into Ca-deficient hydroxyapatite. , 2006, Biomaterials.

[50]  A. Boskey,et al.  Bone Fragility and Collagen Cross‐Links , 2004, Journal of bone and mineral research : the official journal of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.

[51]  M. Karsdal,et al.  Osteoclasts prefer aged bone , 2007, Osteoporosis International.

[52]  T. Anada,et al.  Octacalcium phosphate-precipitated alginate scaffold for bone regeneration. , 2009, Tissue engineering. Part A.

[53]  S. Kokubun,et al.  Intramembranous bone tissue response to biodegradable octacalcium phosphate implant. , 2009, Acta biomaterialia.

[54]  A. W. Frazier,et al.  Octacalcium Phosphate and Hydroxyapatite: Crystallographic and Chemical Relations between Octacalcium Phosphate and Hydroxyapatite , 1962, Nature.

[55]  F. Linde,et al.  The effect of different storage methods on the mechanical properties of trabecular bone. , 1993, Journal of biomechanics.