Peripheral control of acoustic signals in the auditory system of echolocating bats.

Many species of echolocating bats emit intense orientation sounds. If such intense sounds directly stimulated their ears, detection of faint echoes would be impaired. Therefore, possible mechanisms for the attenuation of self-stimulation were studied with Myotis lucifugus. The acoustic middle-ear-muscle reflex could perfectly and transiently regulate the amplitude of an incoming signal only at its beginning. However, its shortest latency in terms of electromyograms and of the attenuation of the cochlear microphonic was 3-4 and 4-8 msec, respectively, so that these muscles failed to attenuate orientation signals by the reflex. The muscles, however, received a message from the vocalization system when the bat vocalized, and contracted synchronously with vocalization. The duration of the contraction-relaxation was so short that the self-stimulation was attenuated, but the echoes were not. The tetanus-fusion frequency of tha stapedium muscle ranged between 260 and 320/sec. Unlike the efferent fibres in the lateral-line and vestibular systems, the olivo-cochlear bundle showed no sign of attenuation of self-stimulation.

[1]  E. Mach.  Zur Theorie des Gehörorgans , 1872 .

[2]  C. Bray,et al.  LXXVII. The Tensor Tympani Muscle and its Relation to Sound Conductions , 1937 .

[3]  C. Bray,et al.  The stapedius muscle in relation to sound conduction , 1942 .

[4]  I. Kirikae,et al.  Studies of the Acoustic Reflex , 1954, The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology.

[5]  L. Gisselsson,et al.  Electromyographic studies of the middle ear muscles of the cat. , 1955, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[6]  E. Wever,et al.  The effects of the tympanic muscle reflexes upon sound transmission. , 1955, Acta oto-laryngologica.

[7]  D. Griffin,et al.  Listening in the Dark , 1959 .

[8]  W. T. Peake,et al.  Responses of the Auditory Nerve to Repetitive Acoustic Stimuli , 1959 .

[9]  切替 一郎,et al.  The structure and function of the middle ear , 1960 .

[10]  Charles R. Michael,et al.  The echolocation of flying insects by bats , 1960 .

[11]  F. Sjöstrand,et al.  Structure of the nerve endings on the external hair cells of the guinea pig cochlea as studied by serial sections. , 1961, Journal of ultrastructure research.

[12]  E. Wever,et al.  I The Protective Mechanisms of the Bat's Ear , 1961, The Annals of otology, rhinology, and laryngology.

[13]  W. Tavolga.  Mechanisms of sound production in the ariid catfishes Galeichthys and Bagre. Bulletin of the AMNH ; v. 124, article 1 , 1962 .

[14]  Aage R. Møller,et al.  Acoustic Reflex in Man , 1962 .

[15]  H. Spoendlin.  Ultrastructural features of the organ of Corti in normal and acoustically stimulated animals. , 1962, Transactions of the American Otological Society.

[16]  A. Grinnell,et al.  The neurophysiology of audition in bats: intensity and frequency parameters , 1963, The Journal of physiology.

[17]  A. Grinnell,et al.  The neurophysiology of audition in bats: temporal parameters , 1963, The Journal of physiology.

[18]  A. Starr,et al.  Acoustic and nonacoustic factors modifying middle-ear muscle activity in waking cats. , 1963, Journal of neurophysiology.

[19]  C. Blevins.  INNERVATION OF THE TENSOR TYMPANI MUSCLE OF THE CAT. , 1963, The American journal of anatomy.

[20]  N. Suga,et al.  DISCHARGE PATTERN AND INHIBITION OF PRIMARY AUDITORY NERVE FIBERS IN THE MONKEY. , 1964, Journal of neurophysiology.

[21]  C E BLEVINS,et al.  Studies on the innervation of the stapedius muscle of the cat , 1964, The Anatomical record.

[22]  N. Suga,et al.  Single unit activity in cochlear nucleus and inferior colliculus of echo‐locating bats , 1964, The Journal of physiology.

[23]  S. Erulkar,et al.  Studies of muscle fibers of the tensor tympani of the cat , 1964 .

[24]  F. A. Webster,et al.  The Determination of Distance by Echolocating Bats , 1964, Nature.

[25]  Simmons Fb.  PERCEPTUAL THEORIES OF MIDDLE EAR MUSCLE FUNCTION. , 1964 .

[26]  A. Møller,et al.  AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE ACOUSTIC IMPEDANCE OF THE MIDDLE EAR AND ITS TRANSMISSION PROPERTIES. , 1965, Acta oto-laryngologica.

[27]  J I Dalland,et al.  Hearing Sensitivity in Bats , 1965, Science.

[28]  O W Henson,et al.  The activity and function of the middle‐ear muscles in echo‐locating bats. , 1965, The Journal of physiology.

[29]  N Suga,et al.  Neural responses in the inferior colliculus of echolocating bats to artificial orientation sounds and echoes , 1966, Journal of cellular physiology.

[30]  G. Salomon.  Middle Ear Muscle Activity , 1966, Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine.

[31]  R. Kimura,et al.  Hairs of the cochlear sensory cells and their attachment to the tectorial membrane. , 1966, Acta oto-laryngologica.

[32]  J. Fex.  Efferent inhibition in the cochlea related to hair-cell dc activity: study of postsynaptic activity of the crossed olivocochlear fibres in the cat. , 1967, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[33]  A M Engebretson,et al.  Model for the nonlinear characteristics of cochlear potentials. , 1968, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[34]  N Suga,et al.  Analysis of frequency‐modulated and complex sounds by single auditory neurones of bats , 1968, The Journal of physiology.

[35]  M. Sachs,et al.  Two-tone inhibition in auditory-nerve fibers. , 1968, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[36]  A. Hess,et al.  The occurrence, structure and innervation of slow and twitch muscle fibres in the tensor tympani and stapedius of the cat , 1969, The Journal of physiology.

[37]  M. Wiederhold.  Variations in the effects of electric stimulation of the crossed olivocochlear bundle on cat single auditory-nerve-fiber responses to tone bursts. , 1970, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[38]  Steven A. Hillyard,et al.  Human Auditory Attention: A Central or Peripheral Process? , 1971, Science.

[39]  N Suga,et al.  Properties of ‘two‐tone inhibition’ in primary auditory neurones , 1971, The Journal of physiology.

[40]  I. Russell.  The pharmacology of efferent synapses in the lateral-line system of Xenopus laevis. , 1971, The Journal of experimental biology.

[41]  I. Russell,et al.  The role of the lateral-line efferent system in Xenopus laevis. , 1971, The Journal of experimental biology.

[42]  E S Ajrapetianz,et al.  On neurophysiological mechanisms of the echolocating apparatus in bats (frequency parameters). , 1971, The International journal of neuroscience.

[43]  E. Borg.  Acoustic middle ear reflexes: a sensory-control system. , 1972, Acta oto-laryngologica. Supplementum.

[44]  N. Suga,et al.  Neural Attenuation of Responses to Emitted Sounds in Echolocating Bats , 1972, Science.

[45]  O W Henson,et al.  Cochlear Microphonic Audiograms in the "Pure Tone" Bat Chilonycteris parnellii parnellii , 1972, Science.

[46]  J. Fex.  NEUROPHARMACOLOGY AND POTENTIALS OF THE INNER EAR , 1973 .

[47]  N. Kiang,et al.  STIMULUS CODING AT CAUDAL LEVELS OF THE CAT'S AUDITORY NERVOUS SYSTEM: I. RESPONSE CHARACTERISTICS OF SINGLE UNITS , 1973 .

[48]  R. Suthers,et al.  Mechanisms of Sound Production by Echolocating Bats , 1973 .

[49]  R. R. Pfeiffer,et al.  CONSIDERATIONS OF NONLINEAR RESPONSE PROPERTIES OF SINGLE COCHLEAR NERVE FIBERS , 1973 .

[50]  N Suga,et al.  Coding and processing in the auditory systems of FM-signal-producing bats. , 1973, The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America.

[51]  N. Suga,et al.  Neurophysiological studies on echolocation systems in awake bats producing CF-FM orientation sounds. , 1974, The Journal of experimental biology.

[52]  J. Cranford,et al.  Behavioral Auditory Function After Transectlon of Crossed Olivo-Cochlear Bundle in the Cat , 1974 .

[53]  N Suga,et al.  Site of Neural Attenuation of Responses to Self-Vocalized Sounds in Echolocating Bats , 1974, Science.

[54]  Coding of directional information by neurons in the superior olivary complex of bats , 1974 .

[55]  Peripheral specialization for analysis of Doppler‐shifted echoes in the auditory system of the “CF‐FM” bat, Pteronotus parnellii. I. Cochlear microphonic , 1975 .