Antiretroviral therapy and TB

With the expansion and convergence of the HIV and TB epidemics worldwide, clinicians will increasingly will be called to manage and treat co-infected patients. TB and HIV medications have overlapping and additive toxicities that can complicate therapy. Additional clinical challenges include choice of optimal first and second line antiretroviral therapy, appropriate timing of antiretroviral initiation, management of immune reconstitution disease, and TB diagnosed after initiation of HIV therapy. Despite the complexities presented by co-infection, many programmes have integrated care and are successfully treating patients with both HIV and TB.

[1]  A. Vibhagool,et al.  Initiation of antiretroviral therapy in advanced AIDS with active tuberculosis: clinical experiences from Thailand. , 2006, The Journal of infection.

[2]  G. Rutherford,et al.  Changes in sexual behavior and risk of HIV transmission after antiretroviral therapy and prevention interventions in rural Uganda , 2006, AIDS.

[3]  C. Delpierre,et al.  Triple nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor‐ vs. nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor‐containing regimens as first‐line therapy: efficacy and durability in a prospective cohort of French HIV‐infected patients , 2005, HIV medicine.

[4]  E. Schouten,et al.  Scaling up antiretroviral therapy in Africa: learning from tuberculosis control programmes--the case of Malawi. , 2005, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[5]  A. Vibhagool,et al.  Efavirenz levels and 24-week efficacy in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy and rifampicin , 2005, AIDS.

[6]  C. Gil,et al.  Risk of selecting de novo drug-resistance mutations during structured treatment interruptions in patients with chronic HIV infection. , 2005, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[7]  Gary Marks,et al.  Meta-Analysis of High-Risk Sexual Behavior in Persons Aware and Unaware They are Infected With HIV in the United States: Implications for HIV Prevention Programs , 2005, Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes.

[8]  W. Burman Issues in the management of HIV-related tuberculosis. , 2005, Clinics in chest medicine.

[9]  S. Lawn,et al.  Immune reconstitution disease associated with mycobacterial infections in HIV-infected individuals receiving antiretrovirals. , 2005, The Lancet. Infectious diseases.

[10]  C. F. von Reyn,et al.  High rates of clinical and subclinical tuberculosis among HIV-infected ambulatory subjects in Tanzania. , 2005, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[11]  R. Wood Nevirapine toxicity--implications for management of South African patients. , 2005, South African medical journal = Suid-Afrikaanse tydskrif vir geneeskunde.

[12]  A. Harries,et al.  Can we get more HIV-positive tuberculosis patients on antiretroviral treatment in a rural district of Malawi? , 2005, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[13]  T. Flanigan,et al.  The extraordinary hope of antiretroviral therapy in South Africa (even for patients with tuberculosis or kaposi sarcoma!). , 2005, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[14]  U. Lalloo,et al.  Therapeutic response of HIV-1 subtype C in African patients coinfected with either Mycobacterium tuberculosis or human herpesvirus-8. , 2005, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[15]  T. Flanigan,et al.  Incidence of Immune Reconstitution Syndrome in HIV/Tuberculosis-Coinfected Patients After Initiation of Generic Antiretroviral Therapy in India , 2004, Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes.

[16]  C. Leport,et al.  Determinants of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome in HIV type 1-infected patients with tuberculosis after initiation of antiretroviral therapy. , 2004, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[17]  Atul K Patel,et al.  Safety and Antiretroviral Effectiveness of Concomitant Use of Rifampicin and Efavirenz for Antiretroviral-Naive Patients in India Who Are Coinfected With Tuberculosis and HIV-1 , 2004, Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes.

[18]  W. El-Sadr,et al.  A Pilot Study of Once-Daily Antiretroviral Therapy Integrated With Tuberculosis Directly Observed Therapy in a Resource-Limited Setting , 2004, Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes.

[19]  M. Losso,et al.  The Use of Saquinavir/Ritonavir 1000/100 Mg Twice Daily in Patients with Tuberculosis Receiving Rifampin , 2004, Antiviral therapy.

[20]  A. Harries,et al.  Counselling, HIV testing and adjunctive cotrimoxazole for TB patients in Malawi: from research to routine implementation. , 2004, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[21]  C. Smith,et al.  Paradoxical reactions during tuberculosis treatment in patients with and without HIV co-infection , 2004, Thorax.

[22]  M. Peeters,et al.  Effectiveness and safety of a generic fixed-dose combination of nevirapine, stavudine, and lamivudine in HIV-1-infected adults in Cameroon: open-label multicentre trial , 2004, The Lancet.

[23]  S. Swaminathan,et al.  Unrecognised tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients: sputum culture is a useful tool. , 2004, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[24]  P. Price,et al.  Immune restoration disease: a consequence of dysregulated immune responses after HAART. , 2004, Current HIV research.

[25]  R. Bertz,et al.  Pharmacokinetics of Adjusted-Dose Lopinavir-Ritonavir Combined with Rifampin in Healthy Volunteers , 2004, Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy.

[26]  Christopher D Pilcher,et al.  Triple-nucleoside regimens versus efavirenz-containing regimens for the initial treatment of HIV-1 infection. , 2004, The New England journal of medicine.

[27]  A. García-Reyne,et al.  Fanconi syndrome and acute renal failure in a patient treated with tenofovir: a call for caution. , 2004, AIDS.

[28]  T. Flanigan,et al.  The safety, tolerability and effectiveness of generic antiretroviral drug regimens for HIV-infected patients in south India , 2003, AIDS.

[29]  A. Vibhagool,et al.  Opportunistic infections after the initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy in advanced AIDS patients in an area with a high prevalence of tuberculosis , 2003, AIDS.

[30]  Brian G. Williams,et al.  Antiretroviral Drugs for Tuberculosis Control in the Era of HIV/AIDS , 2003, Science.

[31]  R. Chaisson,et al.  Human immunodeficiency virus-1 RNA levels and CD4 lymphocyte counts, during treatment for active tuberculosis, in South African patients. , 2003, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[32]  D. Droz,et al.  Tenofovir-related nephrotoxicity in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients: three cases of renal failure, Fanconi syndrome, and nephrogenic diabetes insipidus. , 2003, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[33]  F. Lampe,et al.  Outcome of HIV-associated tuberculosis in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. , 2002, The Journal of infectious diseases.

[34]  S. Lau,et al.  Clinical Spectrum of Paradoxical Deterioration During Antituberculosis Therapy in Non-HIV-Infected Patients , 2002, European Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[35]  Elizabeth Marum,et al.  Shadow on the continent: public health and HIV/AIDS in Africa in the 21st century , 2002, The Lancet.

[36]  N. Demartines,et al.  Inflammatory Bowel Perforation During Immune Restoration After One Year of Antiretroviral and Antituberculous Therapy in an HIV-1–Infected Patient , 2002, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[37]  R. Wood,et al.  Effect of highly active antiretroviral therapy on incidence of tuberculosis in South Africa: a cohort study , 2002, The Lancet.

[38]  D. Musher,et al.  Immune Reconstitution Inflammatory Syndrome: Emergence of a Unique Syndrome During Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy , 2002, Medicine.

[39]  P. Martín-Dávila,et al.  Paradoxical reactions of tuberculosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome who are treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. , 2002, Archives of internal medicine.

[40]  N. Ives,et al.  Treatment of tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy , 2002, AIDS.

[41]  I. Ocaña,et al.  Pharmacokinetic interaction between nevirapine and rifampicin in HIV-infected patients with tuberculosis. , 2001, Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes.

[42]  O. Naderer,et al.  Hypersensitivity reactions during therapy with the nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor abacavir. , 2001, Clinical therapeutics.

[43]  G. Carcelain,et al.  Reconstitution of CD4+ T lymphocytes in HIV-infected individuals following antiretroviral therapy. , 2001, Current opinion in immunology.

[44]  R. Chaisson,et al.  Paradoxical worsening of tuberculosis in HIV-infected persons. , 2001, Chest.

[45]  W. Burman,et al.  Treatment of HIV-related tuberculosis in the era of effective antiretroviral therapy. , 2001, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[46]  A. Harries,et al.  Deaths from tuberculosis in sub-Saharan African countries with a high prevalence of HIV-1 , 2001, The Lancet.

[47]  J. Beijnen,et al.  Ritonavir enables combined therapy with rifampin and saquinavir. , 1999, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[48]  H. Furrer,et al.  HAART in HIV-infected patients: restoration of antigen-specific CD4 T-cell responses in vitro is correlated with CD4 memory T-cell reconstitution, whereas improvement in delayed type hypersensitivity is related to a decrease in viraemia. , 1999, AIDS.

[49]  J. Karon,et al.  Efficacy of trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole prophylaxis to decrease morbidity and mortality in HIV-1-infected patients with tuberculosis in Abidjan, Côte d'Ivoire: a randomised controlled trial , 1999, The Lancet.

[50]  M. Narita,et al.  Paradoxical worsening of tuberculosis following antiretroviral therapy in patients with AIDS. , 1998, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[51]  Anne M Johnson,et al.  From exceptionalism to normalisation: a reappraisal of attitudes and practice around HIV testing , 1998, BMJ.

[52]  H. Smith Paradoxical responses during the chemotherapy of tuberculosis. , 1987, The Journal of infection.

[53]  P. Kaleebu,et al.  48 week virological response to a triple nucleoside/nucleotide analogue regimen in adults with HIV infection in Africa within the DART trial. , 2005 .

[54]  A. Harries,et al.  Voluntary counselling, HIV testing and sexual behaviour among patients with tuberculosis in a rural district of Malawi. , 2003, The international journal of tuberculosis and lung disease : the official journal of the International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease.

[55]  J. Pachón,et al.  Pharmacokinetic Interactions Between Efavirenz and Rifampicin in HIV-Infected Patients with Tuberculosis , 2002, Clinical pharmacokinetics.