Methods of assessment of zinc status in humans: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND Zinc is an essential micronutrient for human health and has numerous structural and biochemical roles. The search for a reliable, sensitive, and specific index of zinc status has been the subject of considerable research, which has resulted in the identification of a number of potentially useful biomarkers. OBJECTIVE The objective was to assess the usefulness of biomarkers of zinc status in humans. DESIGN The methods included a structured search strategy using Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE (Ovid), and the Cochrane Library CENTRAL databases; formal inclusion and exclusion criteria; data extraction into an Access database; quality and validity assessment; and meta-analysis. RESULTS Data on 32 potential biomarkers from 46 publications were analyzed. Plasma zinc concentration responded in a dose-dependent manner to dietary manipulation in adults, women, men, pregnant and lactating women, the elderly, and those at low and moderate baseline zinc status. Urinary zinc excretion responded to zinc status overall and in all subgroups for which there were sufficient data. Hair zinc concentration also responded, but there were insufficient studies for subgroup analysis. Platelet, polymorphonuclear cell, mononuclear cell, and erythrocyte zinc concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity did not appear to be effective biomarkers of zinc status. CONCLUSIONS This systematic review confirms that in healthy individuals, plasma, urinary, and hair zinc are reliable biomarkers of zinc status. Further high-quality studies using these biomarkers are required, particularly in infants, adolescents, and immigrant population groups for whom there are limited data. Studies are also required to fully assess a range of additional potential zinc biomarkers.

[1]  T. Decsi,et al.  Methods of assessment of n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status in humans: a systematic review. , 2009, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[2]  K. Cashman,et al.  Existing and potentially novel functional markers of vitamin D status: a systematic review. , 2009, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[3]  H. McNulty,et al.  Studies of biomarker responses to intervention with riboflavin: a systematic review. , 2009, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[4]  L. Hooper,et al.  Assessing potential biomarkers of micronutrient status by using a systematic review methodology: methods. , 2009, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[5]  H. McNulty,et al.  Studies of biomarker responses to intervention with vitamin B-12: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. , 2009, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[6]  黄亚明.  eMedicine , 2009 .

[7]  L. Hooper,et al.  Methods of assessment of selenium status in humans: a systematic review. , 2009, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[8]  L. Hooper,et al.  Methods of assessment of copper status in humans: a systematic review. , 2009, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[9]  L. Hooper,et al.  Methods of assessment of iodine status in humans: a systematic review. , 2009, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[10]  M. Rayman,et al.  Food-chain selenium and human health: spotlight on speciation , 2008, British Journal of Nutrition.

[11]  V. Gladyshev,et al.  Selenoproteins Mediate T Cell Immunity through an Antioxidant Mechanism* , 2008, Journal of Biological Chemistry.

[12]  B. Mackey,et al.  High-selenium yeast supplementation in free-living North American men: no effect on thyroid hormone metabolism or body composition. , 2008, Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements.

[13]  K. Overvad,et al.  Effect of long-term selenium yeast intervention on activity and gene expression of antioxidant and xenobiotic metabolising enzymes in healthy elderly volunteers from the Danish Prevention of Cancer by Intervention by Selenium (PRECISE) Pilot Study , 2008, British Journal of Nutrition.

[14]  J. Lovegrove,et al.  Longitudinal selenium status in healthy British adults: assessment using biochemical and molecular biomarkers. , 2008, The British journal of nutrition.

[15]  H. Mcardle,et al.  Biomarkers of copper status: a brief update. , 2008, The British journal of nutrition.

[16]  K. Brown,et al.  Indicators of zinc status at the population level: a review of the evidence. , 2008, The British journal of nutrition.

[17]  M. Zimmermann,et al.  Methods to assess iron and iodine status. , 2008, The British journal of nutrition.

[18]  J. Mathers,et al.  Functional effects of a common single-nucleotide polymorphism (GPX4c718t) in the glutathione peroxidase 4 gene: interaction with sex. , 2008, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[19]  E. Guallar,et al.  Serum selenium levels and all-cause, cancer, and cardiovascular mortality among US adults. , 2008, Archives of internal medicine.

[20]  M. Warren-Perry,et al.  Randomized controlled trial of the effect of selenium supplementation on thyroid function in the elderly in the United Kingdom. , 2008, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[21]  Jaap Keijer,et al.  Supplementation of healthy volunteers with nutritionally relevant amounts of selenium increases the expression of lymphocyte protein biosynthesis genes. , 2008, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[22]  B. Mackey,et al.  Response of Selenium Status Indicators to Supplementation of Healthy North American Men with High-Selenium Yeast , 2008, Biological Trace Element Research.

[23]  D. Thiele,et al.  How reliable and robust are current biomarkers for copper status , 2007 .

[24]  J. Mathers,et al.  Genetic polymorphisms in the human selenoprotein P gene determine the response of selenoprotein markers to selenium supplementation in a gender‐specific manner (the SELGEN study) , 2007, FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology.

[25]  P. Robson,et al.  Effect of zinc supplementation on the immune status of healthy older individuals aged 55-70 years: the ZENITH Study. , 2007, The journals of gerontology. Series A, Biological sciences and medical sciences.

[26]  N. Krebs,et al.  Relationships Among Plasma Zinc, Plasma Prolactin, Milk Transfer, and Milk Zinc in Lactating Women , 2007, Journal of human lactation : official journal of International Lactation Consultant Association.

[27]  J. Arnaud,et al.  Age- and sex-dependent effects of long-term zinc supplementation on essential trace element status and lipid metabolism in European subjects: the Zenith Study , 2007, British Journal of Nutrition.

[28]  C. Keen,et al.  Plasma extracellular superoxide dismutase activity in healthy pregnant women is not influenced by zinc supplementation , 2001, Biological Trace Element Research.

[29]  M. Abdulla,et al.  Blood levels of copper, iron, zinc, and lead in adults in India and Pakistan and the effect of oral zinc supplementation for six weeks , 1998, Biological Trace Element Research.

[30]  R. Gross,et al.  Efficacy of daily and weekly multiple micronutrient food-like tablets for the correction of iodine deficiency in Indonesian males aged 6-12 mo. , 2007, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[31]  A. Favier,et al.  Muscle GSH-Px activity after prolonged exercise, training, and selenium supplementation , 2007, Biological Trace Element Research.

[32]  H. Isomoto,et al.  Clinicopathological analysis of hematological disorders in tube-fed patients with copper deficiency. , 2007, Internal medicine.

[33]  B. de Benoist,et al.  Assessment of iodine status using dried blood spot thyroglobulin: development of reference material and establishment of an international reference range in iodine-sufficient children. , 2006, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[34]  K. Itoh,et al.  In Long-Term Bedridden Elderly Patients with Dietary Copper Deficiency, Biochemical Markers of Bone Resorption Are Increased with Copper Supplementation during 12 Weeks , 2006, Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism.

[35]  A. Madden.  Human nutrition, 11th edn , 2006 .

[36]  D. Byrne,et al.  Effects of Chemical Form of Selenium on Plasma Biomarkers in a High-Dose Human Supplementation Trial , 2006, Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention.

[37]  M. Zimmermann,et al.  Iodine supplementation improves cognition in iodine-deficient schoolchildren in Albania: a randomized, controlled, double-blind study. , 2006, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[38]  A. Grant,et al.  The effect of selenium on thyroid status in a population with marginal selenium and iodine status , 2005, British Journal of Nutrition.

[39]  C. Berr,et al.  Selenium and mortality in the elderly: results from the EVA study. , 2005, Clinical chemistry.

[40]  K. Elliott,et al.  Genetic variation in selenoprotein S influences inflammatory response , 2005, Nature Genetics.

[41]  M. Obregon,et al.  The effects of iodine deficiency on thyroid hormone deiodination. , 2005, Thyroid : official journal of the American Thyroid Association.

[42]  Q. Mohammad,et al.  Diabetic neuropathy and zinc therapy. , 2005, Bangladesh Medical Research Council bulletin.

[43]  C. Keen,et al.  Copper, oxidative stress, and human health. , 2005, Molecular aspects of medicine.

[44]  S. Bügel,et al.  Effect of copper supplementation on indices of copper status and certain CVD risk markers in young healthy women , 2005, British Journal of Nutrition.

[45]  R. Burk,et al.  Selenoprotein P: an extracellular protein with unique physical characteristics and a role in selenium homeostasis. , 2005, Annual review of nutrition.

[46]  J. Turnlund,et al.  Long-term high copper intake: effects on copper absorption, retention, and homeostasis in men. , 2005, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[47]  D. Byrne,et al.  Effectiveness of selenium supplements in a low-selenium area of China. , 2005, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[48]  T. Hummel,et al.  Zinc Gluconate in the Treatment of Dysgeusia—a Randomized Clinical Trial , 2005, Journal of dental research.

[49]  J. Pizzorno,et al.  Comparative absorption of zinc picolinate, zinc citrate and zinc gluconate in humans , 1987, Agents and Actions.

[50]  M. Nassar,et al.  Zinc status of lactating Egyptian mothers and their infants: effect of maternal zinc supplementation , 2005 .

[51]  N. A. Kuznetsov,et al.  Copper absorption during and after hypokinesia in copper supplemented and unsupplemented healthy subjects , 2004 .

[52]  H. Mcardle,et al.  Iron, copper and fetal development , 2004, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society.

[53]  C. Hart,et al.  Are there functional consequences of a reduction in selenium intake in UK subjects? , 2004, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society.

[54]  J. King,et al.  Kinetic parameters and plasma zinc concentration correlate well with net loss and gain of zinc from men. , 2004, The Journal of nutrition.

[55]  C. Thomson.  Selenium and iodine intakes and status in New Zealand and Australia. , 2004, The British journal of nutrition.

[56]  J. Hunt,et al.  Bioavailability of iron, zinc, and other trace minerals from vegetarian diets. , 2003, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[57]  S. Fairweather-Tait,et al.  Adaptive responses in men fed low- and high-copper diets , 2003, British Journal of Nutrition.

[58]  M. Zimmermann,et al.  Development of a dried whole-blood spot thyroglobulin assay and its evaluation as an indicator of thyroid status in goitrous children receiving iodized salt. , 2003, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[59]  R. Guigó,et al.  Characterization of Mammalian Selenoproteomes , 2003, Science.

[60]  V. McKelvey-Martin,et al.  Copper Supplementation Has No Effect on Markers of DNA Damage and Liver Function in Healthy Adults (FOODCUE Project) , 2003, Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism.

[61]  K. Brown,et al.  Assessment of the trace element status of individuals and populations: the example of zinc and copper. , 2003, The Journal of nutrition.

[62]  Michael Hambidge,et al.  Biomarkers of trace mineral intake and status. , 2003, The Journal of nutrition.

[63]  S. Mayne,et al.  Antioxidant nutrients and chronic disease: use of biomarkers of exposure and oxidative stress status in epidemiologic research. , 2003, The Journal of nutrition.

[64]  B. Venn,et al.  Selenium supplements do not increase plasma total homocysteine concentrations in men and women. , 2003, The Journal of nutrition.

[65]  U. Tinggi.  Essentiality and toxicity of selenium and its status in Australia: a review. , 2003, Toxicology letters.

[66]  F. Nielsen,et al.  High dietary fructose compared with corn starch does not heighten changes in copper absorption, retention, or status indicators in men fed low dietary copper , 2003 .

[67]  B. Pittman,et al.  Influence of selenium-enriched yeast supplementation on biomarkers of oxidative damage and hormone status in healthy adult males: a clinical pilot study. , 2002, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[68]  F. Viteri,et al.  Supplemental zinc lowers measures of iron status in young women with low iron reserves. , 2002, The Journal of nutrition.

[69]  J. King,et al.  Immune functions are maintained in healthy men with low zinc intake. , 2002, The Journal of nutrition.

[70]  A. Pinchera,et al.  Comparison of two different doses of iodide in the prevention of gestational goiter in marginal iodine deficiency: a longitudinal study. , 2002, European journal of endocrinology.

[71]  L. Allen,et al.  Effect of supplemental zinc on the growth and serum zinc concentrations of prepubertal children: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. , 2002, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[72]  M. Bonham,et al.  The immune system as a physiological indicator of marginal copper status? , 2002, The British journal of nutrition.

[73]  Raymond F Burk.  Selenium, an antioxidant nutrient. , 2002, Nutrition in clinical care : an official publication of Tufts University.

[74]  J. Hautvast,et al.  Serum thyroglobulin and urinary iodine concentration are the most appropriate indicators of iodine status and thyroid function under conditions of increasing iodine supply in schoolchildren in Benin. , 2001, The Journal of nutrition.

[75]  Robert M. Russell,et al.  Present Knowledge in Nutrition , 2001 .

[76]  T. Jørgensen,et al.  Serum Tg--a sensitive marker of thyroid abnormalities and iodine deficiency in epidemiological studies. , 2001, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[77]  G. Williamson,et al.  A critical assessment of some biomarker approaches linked with dietary intake , 2001, British Journal of Nutrition.

[78]  J. King,et al.  Effect of acute zinc depletion on zinc homeostasis and plasma zinc kinetics in men. , 2001, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[79]  J. Strain,et al.  No effect of copper supplementation on biochemical markers of bone metabolism in healthy young adult females despite apparently improved copper status , 2001, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[80]  G. Combs,et al.  Selenium in global food systems , 2001, British Journal of Nutrition.

[81]  J. Arthur,et al.  Selenium, selenoproteins and human health: a review , 2001, Public Health Nutrition.

[82]  A. Tomkins,et al.  Cognitive and motor functions of iodine-deficient but euthyroid children in Bangladesh do not benefit from iodized poppy seed oil (Lipiodol). , 2001, The Journal of nutrition.

[83]  J. Néve,et al.  New approaches to assess selenium status and requirement. , 2009, Nutrition reviews.

[84]  S. Bügel,et al.  Copper supplementation in humans does not affect the susceptibility of low density lipoprotein to in vitro induced oxidation (FOODCUE project). , 2000, Free radical biology & medicine.

[85]  J. King,et al.  Lymphocyte metallothionein mRNA responds to marginal zinc intake in human volunteers , 2000, British Journal of Nutrition.

[86]  S. Ryan,et al.  Randomised trial of iodine intake and thyroid status in preterm infants , 2000, Archives of disease in childhood. Fetal and neonatal edition.

[87]  M. Bonham,et al.  Response of putative indices of copper status to copper supplementation in human subjects , 2000, British Journal of Nutrition.

[88]  M. Zimmermann,et al.  Low dose oral iodized oil for control of iodine deficiency in children , 2000, British Journal of Nutrition.

[89]  M. Rayman,et al.  The importance of selenium to human health , 2000, The Lancet.

[90]  J. Salonen,et al.  Effect of supplementation with organic selenium on mercury status as measured by mercury in pubic hair. , 2000, Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements.

[91]  R. Wood.  Assessment of marginal zinc status in humans. , 2000, The Journal of nutrition.

[92]  F. Nicol,et al.  Effects of organic and inorganic selenium supplementation on selenoenzyme activity in blood lymphocytes, granulocytes, platelets and erythrocytes. , 2000, Clinical science.

[93]  F. Delange.  Neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism: results and perspectives. Hormone research , 2000 .

[94]  M. Bonham,et al.  The effect of copper supplementation on red blood cell oxidizability and plasma antioxidants in middle-aged healthy volunteers. , 2000, Free radical biology & medicine.

[95]  M. Zimmermann,et al.  Persistence of goiter despite oral iodine supplementation in goitrous children with iron deficiency anemia in Côte d'Ivoire , 2000 .

[96]  D. Baker.  Cupric oxide should not be used as a copper supplement for either animals or humans. , 1999, The Journal of nutrition.

[97]  Sheila M. Williams,et al.  An estimation of selenium requirements for New Zealanders. , 1999, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[98]  J. Finley,et al.  Selenium supplementation affects the retention of stable isotopes of selenium in human subjects consuming diets low in selenium , 1999, British Journal of Nutrition.

[99]  K. Cashman,et al.  No effect of copper supplementation on biochemical markers of bone metabolism in healthy adults , 1999, British Journal of Nutrition.

[100]  J. Arthur.  Functional indicators of iodine and selenium status. , 1999, The Proceedings of the Nutrition Society.

[101]  J. Köhrle.  The trace element selenium and the thyroid gland. , 1999, Biochimie.

[102]  K. Cashman,et al.  Effect of dietary copper intakes on biochemical markers of bone metabolism in healthy adult males , 1999, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[103]  R. Goyal,et al.  Oral zinc therapy in diabetic neuropathy. , 1998, The Journal of the Association of Physicians of India.

[104]  J. King,et al.  A comparison of the short-term kinetics of zinc metabolism in women during fasting and following a breakfast meal , 1998, British Journal of Nutrition.

[105]  L. Allen,et al.  Zinc and micronutrient supplements for children. , 1998, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[106]  K. Brown,et al.  Effect of infections on plasma zinc concentration and implications for zinc status assessment in low-income countries. , 1998, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[107]  J. Turnlund,et al.  Copper absorption, excretion, and retention by young men consuming low dietary copper determined by using the stable isotope 65Cu. , 1998, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[108]  J. Dunn,et al.  Intermittent oral administration of potassium iodide solution for the correction of iodine deficiency. , 1998, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[109]  G. Alfthan,et al.  Plasma selenoprotein P levels of healthy males in different selenium status after oral supplementation with different forms of selenium , 1998, European Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[110]  K. Mann,et al.  Efficacy and safety of iodine in the postpartum period in an area of mild iodine deficiency. , 1998, European journal of medical research.

[111]  R. Cousins,et al.  Metallothionein expression is increased in monocytes and erythrocytes of young men during zinc supplementation. , 1998, The Journal of nutrition.

[112]  R. DiSilvestro,et al.  Copper supplementation of adult men: effects on blood copper enzyme activities and indicators of cardiovascular disease risk. , 1997, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[113]  J. Yeh,et al.  Biochemical and Molecular Roles of Nutrients Dietary Selenium Increases Selenoprotein W Levels in Rat Tissues , 1997 .

[114]  R. Cousins,et al.  Competitive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction shows that dietary zinc supplementation in humans increases monocyte metallothionein mRNA levels. , 1997, The Journal of nutrition.

[115]  J. Turnlund,et al.  Dietary copper intake influences skin lysyl oxidase in young men , 1997 .

[116]  C. Keen,et al.  Copper status of young men consuming a low-copper diet. , 1997, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[117]  F. Delange.  Neonatal screening for congenital hypothyroidism: results and perspectives. , 1997, Hormone research.

[118]  F. Azizi,et al.  Treatment of goitrous hypothyroidism with iodized oil supplementation in an area of iodine deficiency. , 2009, Experimental and clinical endocrinology & diabetes : official journal, German Society of Endocrinology [and] German Diabetes Association.

[119]  M. Stur,et al.  Oral zinc and the second eye in age-related macular degeneration. , 1996, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[120]  F. Beck,et al.  Zinc status and serum testosterone levels of healthy adults. , 1996, Nutrition.

[121]  W. Göpel,et al.  Earliest prevention of endemic goiter by iodine supplementation during pregnancy. , 1996, European journal of endocrinology.

[122]  F. Nielsen,et al.  Effects of a diet low in copper on copper-status indicators in postmenopausal women. , 1996, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[123]  J. Dumont,et al.  Hypothyroid patients showing shortened responsiveness to oral iodized oil have paradoxically low serum thyroglobulin and low thyroid reserve. Thyroglobulin/thyrotropin ratio as a measure of thyroid damage. , 1996, European journal of endocrinology.

[124]  J. Strain,et al.  Copper supplementation and the maintenance of bone mineral density in middle-aged women , 1996 .

[125]  R. Goldenberg,et al.  In vitro zinc stimulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme activities in human plasma , 1996 .

[126]  J. Strain,et al.  Iodine supplementation: A comparison of oral and intramuscular methods in the improvement of thyroid function and prophylaxis of goitre , 1996 .

[127]  R. Burk,et al.  Selenoprotein P concentration in plasma is an index of selenium status in selenium-deficient and selenium-supplemented Chinese subjects. , 1996, The Journal of nutrition.

[128]  A. Macpherson,et al.  Selenium Content of a Range of UK Foods , 1995 .

[129]  S. Samman,et al.  The effect of zinc supplementation on plasma lipids and low-density lipoprotein oxidation in males. , 1995, Free radical biology & medicine.

[130]  Yang Gq,et al.  Studies on human dietary requirements and safe range of dietary intakes of selenium in China and their application in the prevention of related endemic diseases. , 1995 .

[131]  B. Mackey,et al.  Effects of low-copper diets on human immune response. , 1995, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[132]  J. Néve,et al.  Human selenium supplementation as assessed by changes in blood selenium concentration and glutathione peroxidase activity. , 1995, Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements.

[133]  K. M. Thompson,et al.  Glutathione peroxidase and phospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase are differentially regulated in rats by dietary selenium. , 1995, The Journal of nutrition.

[134]  C. Abuye,et al.  The effect of varying doses of oral iodized oil in the prophylaxis of endemic goitre in elementary schools children. , 1995, Ethiopian medical journal.

[135]  S. Robins,et al.  Precautions in using an internal standard to measure pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline in urine. , 1994, Clinical chemistry.

[136]  P. Lin,et al.  Marginal zinc deficiency in older adults: responsiveness of zinc status indicators. , 1994, Journal of the American College of Nutrition.

[137]  D. Buss,et al.  Iodine in British foods and diets , 1994, British Journal of Nutrition.

[138]  M. Bracker,et al.  Spinal bone loss in postmenopausal women supplemented with calcium and trace minerals. , 1994, The Journal of nutrition.

[139]  J. Dunn,et al.  Oral iodized oil for correcting iodine deficiency: optimal dosing and outcome indicator selection. , 1994, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[140]  M Nakao,et al.  Sensitive colorimetric assay of serum diamine oxidase. , 1994, Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry.

[141]  A. Hunnisett,et al.  Red cell magnesium and glutathione peroxidase in infertile women--effects of oral supplementation with magnesium and selenium. , 1994, Magnesium research.

[142]  R. Burk,et al.  Purification of selenoprotein P from human plasma. , 1994, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[143]  K. Hambidge,et al.  Size of the zinc pools that exchange rapidly with plasma zinc in humans: alternative techniques for measuring and relation to dietary zinc intake. , 1994, The Journal of nutrition.

[144]  M. Serio,et al.  Use of an internal standard to measure pyridinoline and deoxypyridinoline in urine. , 1994, Clinical chemistry.

[145]  R. Eastell,et al.  Factors affecting the assay of urinary 3–hydroxy pyridiniurn crosslinks of collagen as markers of bone resorption , 1993, European journal of clinical investigation.

[146]  M. Linder,et al.  Synthesis and Turnover of Ceruloplasmin in Rats Treated with 17β-Estradiol , 1993 .

[147]  J. Néve,et al.  Zinc distribution in blood components, inflammatory status, and clinical indexes of disease activity during zinc supplementation in inflammatory rheumatic diseases. , 1993, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[148]  C. Thomson,et al.  Long-term supplementation with selenate and selenomethionine: Selenium and glutathione peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.9) in blood components of New Zealand women , 1993, British Journal of Nutrition.

[149]  A. Diplock.  Indexes of selenium status in human populations. , 1993, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[150]  C. Jaspers,et al.  Effect of small doses of iodine on thyroid function during caloric restriction in normal subjects. , 1993, Hormone research.

[151]  J. Deagen,et al.  Determination of the distribution of selenium between glutathione peroxidase, selenoprotein P, and albumin in plasma. , 1993, Analytical biochemistry.

[152]  L. Bailey,et al.  Erythrocyte metallothionein response to dietary zinc in humans. , 1992, The Journal of nutrition.

[153]  M. Ruz,et al.  Erythrocytes, erythrocyte membranes, neutrophils and platelets as biopsy materials for the assessment of zinc status in humans , 1992, British Journal of Nutrition.

[154]  R. Tonglet,et al.  Efficacy of low oral doses of iodized oil in the control of iodine deficiency in Zaire. , 1992, The New England journal of medicine.

[155]  A. Prasad,et al.  Effect of changes in dietary zinc intake on taste acuity and dark adaptation in normal human subjects , 1992 .

[156]  M. Rongier,et al.  Urinary excretion of iodide and fluoride from supplemented food grade salt. , 1992, International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition.

[157]  Y. K. Park,et al.  Characteristics of vitamin and mineral supplement products in the United States. , 1991, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[158]  J. Néve,et al.  Methods in determination of selenium states. , 1991, Journal of trace elements and electrolytes in health and disease.

[159]  R. P. Thompson.  Assessment of Zinc Status , 1991, Proceedings of the Nutrition Society.

[160]  J. Huttunen,et al.  Selenium metabolism and platelet glutathione peroxidase activity in healthy Finnish men: effects of selenium yeast, selenite, and selenate. , 1991, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[161]  J. King,et al.  Assessment of zinc status. , 1990, The Journal of nutrition.

[162]  M. L’Abbé,et al.  Effects of age, smoking, drinking, exercise and estrogen use on indices of copper status in healthy adults1 , 1990 .

[163]  R. DiSilvestro,et al.  Effects of inflammation and copper intake on rat liver and erythrocyte Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase activity levels. , 1990, The Journal of nutrition.

[164]  R. Korula,et al.  Serum copper levels in elderly patients with femoral-neck fractures. , 1990, Age and ageing.

[165]  L. Bailey,et al.  Erythrocyte metallothionein as an index of zinc status in humans. , 1990, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[166]  R. Gibson.  Principles of Nutritional Assessment , 1990 .

[167]  C. Osmond,et al.  Iodine supplementation with oral or intramuscular iodized oil. A two-year follow-up of a comparative trial. , 1989, International journal of epidemiology.

[168]  J. Pritts,et al.  Post-prandial and daily changes in plasma zinc. , 1989, Journal of trace elements and electrolytes in health and disease.

[169]  M. K. Yadrick,et al.  Iron, copper, and zinc status: response to supplementation with zinc or zinc and iron in adult females. , 1989, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[170]  C. Thomson,et al.  Selenium (Se) and Glutathione Peroxidase (GSH-Px) in Blood Components of NZ Women During Long Term Supplementation with Selenate or Selenomethionine (Semet) , 1989 .

[171]  A. Favier,et al.  Selenium in Medicine and Biology , 1989 .

[172]  M. Jackson,et al.  Physiology of Zinc: General Aspects , 1989 .

[173]  A. Wendel.  Selenium in Biology and Medicine , 1989, Springer Berlin Heidelberg.

[174]  C. F. Mills.  Zinc in Human Biology , 1989, ILSI Human Nutrition Reviews.

[175]  M. Lavenhar,et al.  Zinc and immunocompetence in elderly people: effects of zinc supplementation for 3 months. , 1988, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[176]  R. Mansourian,et al.  Zinc status of healthy elderly adults: response to supplementation. , 1988, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[177]  F. Vertongen,et al.  Selenium supplementation in healthy Belgian adults: response in platelet glutathione peroxidase activity and other blood indices. , 1988, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[178]  D. Medeiros,et al.  Zinc supplements and serum lipids in young adult white males. , 1988, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[179]  A. Favier,et al.  Selenium status in humans as investigated by the effects of supplementation with Se-enriched yeast tablets , 1988 .

[180]  D. Medeiros,et al.  Failure of oral zinc supplementation to alter hair zinc levels among healthy human males , 1987 .

[181]  L. Klevay,et al.  Ethanol metabolism in postmenopausal women fed a diet marginal in zinc. , 1987, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[182]  G. Boss,et al.  Immunodeficiency and lymphocyte ecto-5′-nucleotidase activity in the elderly: A comparison of the effect of a trace mineral supplement (1 USRDA) with high zinc (6.7 X USRDA) , 1987 .

[183]  S. Samman,et al.  The effect of zinc supplements on plasma zinc and copper levels and the reported symptoms in healthy volunteers , 1987, The Medical journal of Australia.

[184]  J. Canary,et al.  Effect of copper intake on blood cholesterol and its lipoprotein distribution in men , 1987 .

[185]  B. E. Walker,et al.  Plasma and leucocyte zinc concentrations and their response to zinc supplementation in an elderly population. , 1987, International journal for vitamin and nutrition research. Internationale Zeitschrift fur Vitamin- und Ernahrungsforschung. Journal international de vitaminologie et de nutrition.

[186]  C. Price,et al.  Measurement of Serum α1-Antichymotrypsin by Immunoturbidimetry , 1986 .

[187]  R. Uauy,et al.  Red cell superoxide dismutase activity as an index of human copper nutrition. , 1985, The Journal of nutrition.

[188]  J. C. Smith,et al.  Zinc supplementation during pregnancy in low-income teenagers of Mexican descent: effects on selected blood constituents and on progress and outcome of pregnancy. , 1985, American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.

[189]  W. Pratt,et al.  Lack of effects of copper gluconate supplementation. , 1985, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[190]  J. Xing,et al.  Bioavailability of selenium to residents in a low-selenium area of China. , 1985, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[191]  M. Linder,et al.  Distribution of copper among components of human serum. , 1985, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[192]  D. Medeiros,et al.  Effect of oral zinc supplementation upon plasma lipids, blood pressure, and other variables in young adult white males , 1985 .

[193]  W. Pratt,et al.  Treatment of back pain with copper supplementation , 1985 .

[194]  J. C. Smith,et al.  Analysis and evaluation of zinc and copper in human plasma and serum. , 1985, Journal of the American College of Nutrition.

[195]  H. Lukaski,et al.  Increased cholesterol in plasma in a young man during experimental copper depletion. , 1984, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[196]  M. L’Abbé,et al.  Effect of zinc supplementation on copper status in adult man. , 1984, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[197]  P. Hooper,et al.  Zinc ingestion and lipoprotein values in sedentary and endurance-trained men. , 1984, JAMA.

[198]  H. Lukaski,et al.  Changes in plasma zinc content after exercise in men fed a low-zinc diet. , 1984, The American journal of physiology.

[199]  J. King,et al.  Tissue zinc levels and zinc excretion during experimental zinc depletion in young men. , 1984, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[200]  J. Prohaska.  Changes in tissue growth, concentrations of copper, iron, cytochrome oxidase and superoxide dismutase subsequent to dietary or genetic copper deficiency in mice. , 1983, The Journal of nutrition.

[201]  J. Huttunen,et al.  Bioavailability of selenium to Finnish men as assessed by platelet glutathione peroxidase activity and other blood parameters. , 1983, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[202]  G. Yang,et al.  Endemic selenium intoxication of humans in China. , 1983, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[203]  J. E. Silva,et al.  Interrelationships among serum thyroxine, triiodothyronine, reverse triiodothyronine, and thyroid-stimulating hormone in iodine-deficient pregnant women and their offspring: effects of iodine supplementation. , 1981, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[204]  J. Freeland-Graves,et al.  Salivary zinc as an index of zinc status in women fed a low-zinc diet. , 1981, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[205]  G. Delespesse,et al.  Influence of oral zinc supplementation on the lymphocyte response to mitogens of normal subjects. , 1981, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[206]  P. Larsen,et al.  Relationships between circulating and intracellular thyroid hormones: physiological and clinical implications. , 1981, Endocrine reviews.

[207]  W. Artis,et al.  The effect of zinc on the sebum secretion rate. , 1980, Acta dermato-venereologica.

[208]  C. Thomson,et al.  Selenium in human health and disease with emphasis on those aspects peculiar to New Zealand. , 1980, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[209]  Demetree Jw,et al.  The effect of zinc on the sebum secretion rate. , 1980 .

[210]  D M Foster,et al.  Zinc metabolism in humans: a kinetic model. , 1984, The American journal of physiology.

[211]  C. Denning,et al.  The effect of oral zinc supplementation on plasma levels of vitamin A and retinol-binding protein in cystic fibrosis. , 1979, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[212]  P. Aggett,et al.  A defect in zinc uptake by jejunal biopsies in acrodermatitis enteropathica. , 1979, Clinical science.

[213]  M. Abdulla,et al.  Effect of oral zinc intake on δ-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase in red blood cells , 1979 .

[214]  M. Abdulla,et al.  Effect of oral zinc intake on delta-aminolaevulinic acid dehydratase in red blood cells. , 1979, Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation.

[215]  C. Thomson,et al.  On supplementing the selenium intake of New Zealanders , 1978, British Journal of Nutrition.

[216]  G. Schrauzer,et al.  Selenium in human nutrition: dietary intakes and effects of supplementation. , 1978, Bioinorganic chemistry.

[217]  A. Vahlquist,et al.  Oral zinc sulphate therapy for acne vulgaris. , 1977, Acta dermato-venereologica.

[218]  R. Carrell,et al.  The estimation of red cell superoxide dismutase activity. , 1975, The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine.

[219]  S. Marklund,et al.  Involvement of the superoxide anion radical in the autoxidation of pyrogallol and a convenient assay for superoxide dismutase. , 1974, European journal of biochemistry.

[220]  W. W. Wells,et al.  COPPER DEFICIENCY IN THE DEVELOPING RAT BRAIN: A POSSIBLE MODEL FOR MENKES’ STEELY‐HAIR DISEASE , 1974, Journal of neurochemistry.

[221]  I. Fridovich,et al.  Superoxide dismutase. An enzymic function for erythrocuprein (hemocuprein). , 1969, The Journal of biological chemistry.

[222]  E. Beutler,et al.  Improved method for the determination of blood glutathione. , 1963, The Journal of laboratory and clinical medicine.

[223]  J. Yudkin.  Human Nutrition , 1961, Nature.

[224]  L. Smith,et al.  Spectrophotometric assay of cytochrome c oxidase. , 2006, Methods of biochemical analysis.

[225]  I. Scheinberg,et al.  Deficiency of ceruloplasmin in patients with hepatolenticular degeneration (Wilson's disease). , 1952, Science.