Falsifikation und die Methodologie wissenschaftlicher Forschungsprogramme

Jahrhundertelang verstand man unter Wissen bewiesenes Wissen — bewiesen entweder durch die Kraft der Vernunft oder durch die Evidenz der Sinne. Es galt als ein Gebot der Weisheit und der intellektuellen Redlichkeit, sich unbewiesener Behauptungen zu enthalten und die Kluft zwischen bloser Spekulation und begrundetem Wissen, sogar im Denken, auf ein Mindestmas zu beschranken. Wohl wurde die beweisende Kraft des Verstandes und der Sinne schon vor mehr als zwei Jahrtausenden von den Skeptikern in Frage gestellt, aber sie wurden durch den Triumphzug der Newtonschen Physik mit Verwirrung geschlagen. Einsteins Ergebnisse haben die Situation dann wieder auf den Kopf gestellt, und heute gibt es nur noch wenig Philosophen und Wissenschaftler, die der Ansicht waren, wissenschaftliche Erkenntnis sei oder konnte bewiesenes Wissen sein. Aber fast niemand sieht ein, das damit auch das ganze klassische Gebaude intellektueller Werte zusammenbricht und durch etwas Neues ersetzt werden mus: Man kann das Ideal bewiesener Wahrheit nicht einfach verdunnen — etwa zum Ideal ‚wahrscheinlicher Wahrheit‘2), wie es einige logische Empiristen tun, oder zur ‚Wahrheit aufgrund [wechselnder] Ubereinstimmung‘3), die wir bei einigen Wissenssoziologen finden.

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