Double-Modulator FM Matching of Instrument Tones

This article introduces a technique for optimizing double-modulator frequency modulation (FM) parameters to match an arbitrary harmonic instrument tone. The method uses a genetic algorithm to optimize the parameters, and it works for a group of double-modulated carriers. Previous work in double-FM matching has only matched a single carrier, restricting these techniques to matching sounds with static spectra. We give results using the method to match the dynamic spectra of the trumpet, Chinese erhu, and pipa. Finally, we compare the double-FM matching results with those found by formant-FM and wavetable matching, giving guidelines for when to use double-FM matching instead of other synthesis techniques.

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