Computational fluid dynamics : an important modelling tool for the water sector

Modelling has been used frequently for both system understanding and optimization. However, the challenges put on the models are constantly growing. This entails new regulations for effluent, more accurate energy consumption predictions, predictions of greenhouse gas emissions, enlarging the scale towards urban water systems, to name but a few. Hence, simulations are being pushed into ranges where the models currently in use have greater uncertainty. This is exacerbated by the fact that the submodels in use may lack sufficient detail or may not be in proper balance with the full model when coupled solutions are attempted. In this contribution we want to highlight how computational fluid dynamics models can assist in resolving some of these issues.