Fast approach to the estimation of the added resistance of ships in head waves

Abstract In this paper we develop and explore various simple semi-empirical formulations for the fast, but satisfactory estimation of the added resistance of ships in head waves. Relevant research work is in the frame of recent IMO-MEPC.232(65) EEDI guidelines for the estimation of minimum powering of ships in adverse weather conditions calling for suitable level 1 methods. We consider the effect of main characteristics of ship׳s hull form, with best fitting of available experimental data for different types of hull forms. A proposed new semi-empirical formula is simplified to the extent that it can be readily calculated using as input merely the speed and main characteristics of the ship and of the wave environment. Extensive validations of the proposed simplified formula for various ship hulls in both regular and irregular waves were carried out and compared to other comparable methods and more complicated approaches to the determination of the added resistance in head waves.

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