High-frequency ultrasound scattering from microspheres and single cells.

Assessing the proportion of biological cells in a volume of interest undergoing structural changes, such as cell death, using high-frequency ultrasound (20-100 MHz), requires the development of a theoretical model of scattering by any arbitrary cell ensemble. A prerequisite to building such a model is to know the scattering by a single cell in different states. In this paper, a simple model for the high-frequency acoustic scattering by one cell is proposed. A method for deducing the backscatter transfer function from a single, subresolution scatterer is also devised. Using this method, experimental measurements of backscatter from homogeneous, subresolution polystyrene microspheres and single, viable eukaryotic cells, acquired across a broad, continuous range of frequencies were compared with elastic scattering theory and the proposed cell scattering model, respectively. The resonant features observed in the backscatter transfer function of microspheres were found to correspond accurately to theoretical predictions. Using the spacing of the major spectral peaks in the transfer functions obtained experimentally, it is possible to predict microsphere diameters with less than 4% error. Such good agreement was not seen between the cell model and the measured backscatter from cells. Possible reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.

[1]  C. M. McKinney,et al.  Experimental Study of the Scattering of Acoustic Energy from Solid Metal Spheres in Water , 1961 .

[2]  Peter Ghazal,et al.  Annexation of the interchromosomal space during viral infection , 2000, Nature Cell Biology.

[3]  M. Hinders.  Plane-elastic-wave scattering from an elastic sphere , 1991 .

[4]  Michael C. Kolios,et al.  Ultrasonic biomicroscopy of viable, dead and apoptotic cells. , 1997, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[5]  J W Hunt,et al.  In vitro high resolution intravascular imaging in muscular and elastic arteries. , 1992, Journal of the American College of Cardiology.

[6]  J. Faran.  Sound Scattering by Solid Cylinders and Spheres , 1951 .

[7]  J W Hunt,et al.  © 1999 Cancer Research Campaign Article no. bjoc.1999.0724 Ultrasound imaging of apoptosis: high-resolution noninvasive , 2022 .

[8]  H Weinans,et al.  Cell and nucleus deformation in compressed chondrocyte-alginate constructs: temporal changes and calculation of cell modulus. , 2002, Biochimica et biophysica acta.

[9]  Robert Hickling,et al.  Analysis of Echoes from a Solid Elastic Sphere in Water , 1962 .

[10]  B. Matthews.  Solvent content of protein crystals. , 1968, Journal of molecular biology.

[11]  M Meselson,et al.  THE REPLICATION OF DNA IN ESCHERICHIA COLI. , 1958, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[12]  G. Edwards,et al.  Microwave-field-driven acoustic modes in DNA. , 1985, Biophysical journal.

[13]  Michael C. Kolios,et al.  Ultrasound Imaging of Apoptosis , 2002 .

[14]  Michael C. Kolios,et al.  An investigation of backscatter power spectra from cells, cell pellets and microspheres , 2003, IEEE Symposium on Ultrasonics, 2003.

[15]  F. Foster,et al.  Use of a high frequency ultrasound microscope to image the action of 2-nitroimidazoles in multicellular spheroids. , 1992, British Journal of Cancer.

[16]  M. Muramatsu,et al.  Rapid isolation of nucleoli from detergent purified nuclei of various tumor and tissue culture cells. , 1974, Experimental cell research.

[17]  Michael C. Kolios,et al.  Ultrasonic spectral parameter characterization of apoptosis. , 2002, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[18]  F. Ottensmeyer,et al.  Ultrasound Biomicroscopy of Cancer Therapy Effects: Correlation between Light and Electron Microscopy, and a New Non-Invasive Ultrasound Imaging Method for Detecting Apoptosis , 2000, Microscopy and Microanalysis.

[19]  D. Brill,et al.  Resonance theory of elastic waves ultrasonically scattered from an elastic sphere , 1987 .

[20]  J. McCubrey,et al.  Enhanced ability of daniplestim and myelopoietin-1 to suppress apoptosis in human hematopoietic cells , 2001, Leukemia.

[21]  M. Berson,et al.  In vivo high-frequency ultrasonic characterization of human dermis , 1999, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[22]  E J Feleppa,et al.  Diagnostic spectrum analysis in ophthalmology: a physical perspective. , 1986, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[23]  H. C. Strifors,et al.  Transient Resonance Scattering and Target Identification , 1997 .

[24]  R. Kornberg.  Chromatin structure: a repeating unit of histones and DNA. , 1974, Science.

[25]  S. Lindsay,et al.  The speed of sound in DNA , 1984, Biopolymers.

[26]  H. Überall,et al.  The response surface in elastic wave scattering , 1981 .

[27]  N. Caille,et al.  Contribution of the nucleus to the mechanical properties of endothelial cells. , 2002, Journal of biomechanics.

[28]  J. Vaughan,et al.  Observation of Brillouin scattering from single muscle fibres , 1989, European Biophysics Journal.

[29]  Michael C. Kolios,et al.  Analysis of ultrasound backscatter from ensembles of cells and isolated nuclei , 2001, 2001 IEEE Ultrasonics Symposium. Proceedings. An International Symposium (Cat. No.01CH37263).

[30]  J Bereiter-Hahn,et al.  Tension modulates cell surface motility: A scanning acoustic microscopy study. , 1999, Cell motility and the cytoskeleton.

[31]  F. Foster,et al.  Clinical use of ultrasound biomicroscopy. , 1991, Ophthalmology.

[32]  F. S. Foster,et al.  Ultrasound backscatter microscopy images the internal structure of living tumour spheroids , 1987, Nature.

[33]  G. Häcker.  The morphology of apoptosis , 2000, Cell and Tissue Research.

[34]  E. Feleppa,et al.  Statistical framework for ultrasonic spectral parameter imaging. , 1997, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[35]  M. Minden,et al.  Mast cell growth factor, a ligand for the receptor encoded by c-kit, affects the growth in culture of the blast cells of acute myeloblastic leukemia. , 1991, Leukemia.