Fiber optic sensors in concrete structures: a review

The overall deterioration of the national civil infrastructure due to aging and usage beyond the anticipated loads and lifetimes for which it was designed, combined with the increasing cost of maintenance and repair, has resulted in the need for improved techniques for non-destructive evaluation of the structural health of reinforced concrete. A recent review of the available statistics reveals that almost 40% of United States bridges are ‘structurally deficient’ or ‘functionally obsolete’ [1]. New reinforced concrete constructions would also benefit from in situ structural monitors which could detect a decrease in performance or imminent failure, thereby optimizing lifetimes without compromising safety. Finally, although modeling the behavior of some structures made from well-characterized materials is fairly accurate, the use of new materials, unusually complex designs, or variability in strength-related factors such as void fraction or moisture content can lead to unexpected structural weakening, damage or failure. The inadequacy of the nation’s highways, bridges, etc. prompted the initiation in 1993 of a National Science Foundation program, with the goal of developing new technologies aimed at ‘prolonging the life and enhancing the capacity of our existing and future civil infrastructure systems’ [2]. In response to the increased need, various techniques are being developed, and some of the most promising are based on the use of fiber optic sensors (FOS).

[1]  Peter L. Fuhr,et al.  Prefabricated sensor panels for smart-civil-structures instrumentation , 1993, Smart Structures.

[2]  D R Huston,et al.  An Internet observatory: remote monitoring of instrumented civil structures using the information superhighway , 1995 .

[3]  Daniele Inaudi,et al.  Bridge monitoring by fiber optic deformation sensors: design, emplacement, and results , 1996, Smart Structures.

[4]  W. R. Habel,et al.  The influence of cementitious building materials on polymeric surfaces of embedded optical fibers for sensors , 1995 .

[5]  Rola L. Idriss,et al.  Integrated sensing system for highway bridge monitoring , 1996, Smart Structures.

[6]  Daniele Inaudi,et al.  Dam monitoring with fiber optics deformation sensors , 1997, Smart Structures.

[7]  Daniele Inaudi,et al.  Bridge monitoring by interferometric deformation sensors , 1996, Other Conferences.

[8]  Ken-An Lou,et al.  Fiber optic strain monitoring of bridge column retrofitted with composite jacket under flexural loads , 1995, Smart Structures.

[9]  Farhad Ansari.  Applications of fiber optic sensors in engineering mechanics : a collection of state-of-the-art papers in the application of fiber optic technologies to civil structures , 1993 .

[10]  Kenneth F. Dunker,et al.  WHY AMERICA'S BRIDGES ARE CRUMBLING , 1993 .

[11]  Peter L. Fuhr,et al.  Stress Monitoring of Concrete Using Embedded Optical Fiber Sensors , 1993 .

[12]  W. W. Morey,et al.  Fiber optic Bragg grating strain sensor in large-scale concrete structures , 1993, Other Conferences.

[13]  Peter L. Fuhr,et al.  Remote monitoring of instrumented structures using the Internet information superhighway , 1994, Other Conferences.

[14]  P L Fuhr,et al.  Multiplexed fiber optic pressure and vibration sensors for hydroelectric dam monitoring , 1993 .

[15]  Detlef Hofmann,et al.  Determination of structural parameters concerning load capacity based on fibre Fabry-Perot interferometers , 1994, Other Conferences.

[16]  Peter L. Fuhr,et al.  Embedded chloride detectors for roadways and bridges , 1996, Smart Structures.

[17]  Seung-Jae Lee,et al.  In-situ monitoring of Sungsan Bridge in Han River with an optical fiber sensor system , 1997, Smart Structures.

[18]  Frank Basedau,et al.  Influence of concrete and alkaline solutions on different surfaces of optical fibres for sensors , 1994, Other Conferences.

[19]  Peter L. Fuhr,et al.  Performance and health monitoring of the Stafford Medical Building using embedded sensors , 1992 .

[20]  Shun Lien Chuang,et al.  Integrated fiber optic strain sensor , 1992, Other Conferences.

[21]  Seung Kwan Kim,et al.  Embedded intrinsic Fabry-Perot optical fiber sensors in cement concrete structures , 1996, Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[22]  Mario Martinelli,et al.  Thermal expansion measurements of a concrete structure by embedded fiber optic: an effective example of simultaneous strain-temperature detection , 1994, Other Conferences.

[23]  Peter L. Fuhr,et al.  Simultaneous single fiber optical communications and sensing for intelligent structures , 1992 .

[24]  J S Sirkis,et al.  In-line fiber étalon for strain measurement. , 1993, Optics letters.

[25]  Richard O. Claus,et al.  Performance of embedded short-gage-length optical fiber sensors in a fatigue-loaded reinforced concrete specimen , 1995 .

[26]  Martin A. Putnam,et al.  High-strain monitoring in composite-wrapped concrete cylinders using embedded fiber Bragg grating arrays , 1996, Smart Structures.

[27]  K. Hill,et al.  Photosensitivity in optical fiber waveguides: Application to reflection filter fabrication , 1978 .

[28]  D R Huston,et al.  Intelligent civil structures-activities in Vermont , 1994 .

[29]  A. Kersey,et al.  Multiplexed fiber Bragg grating strain-sensor system with a fiber Fabry - Perot wavelength filter. , 1993, Optics letters.

[30]  Alan D. Kersey,et al.  Dynamic strain monitoring of an in-use interstate bridge using fiber Bragg grating sensors , 1997, Smart Structures.

[31]  Richard O. Claus,et al.  Experimental study of embedded fiber optic strain gages in concrete structures , 1993, Smart Structures.

[32]  Alan D. Kersey,et al.  Multiplexed Bragg grating fibre-laser strain sensor system with mode-locked interrogation , 1993 .

[33]  J. M. Caussignac,et al.  Bearings of a bridge fitted with load measuring devices based on an optical fiber technology , 1992, Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[34]  Peter L. Fuhr,et al.  Embedded sensors results from the Winooski One Hydroelectric Dam , 1994, Smart Structures.

[35]  Raymond M. Measures,et al.  Bragg grating fiber optic sensing for bridges and other structures , 1994, Other Conferences.

[36]  Martin A. Putnam,et al.  STRAIN MEASUREMENTS ON CONCRETE BEAM AND CARBON FIBER CABLE WITH DISTRIBUTED OPTICAL FIBER BRAGG GRATING SENSORS , 1996 .

[37]  Peter L. Fuhr,et al.  Lessons learned in embedding fiber sensors into large civil structures , 1993, Other Conferences.

[38]  A. Mendez,et al.  Applications Of Embedded Optical Fiber Sensors In Reinforced Concrete Buildings And Structures , 1990, Other Conferences.

[39]  E. G. Nawy,et al.  Evaluation of Fiber Optic Bragg Grating Strain Sensor in High Strength Concrete Beams , 1993 .

[40]  Philipp M. Nellen,et al.  Application of fiber optical and resistance strain gauges for long-term surveillance of civil engineering structures , 1997, Smart Structures.

[41]  M. A. Putnam,et al.  Stepped-wavelength optical-fiber Bragg grating arrays fabricated in line on a draw tower. , 1994, Optics letters.

[42]  Richard O. Claus,et al.  Experimental Study of Embedded Fiber‐Optic Strain Gauges in Concrete Structures , 1994 .

[43]  P L Fuhr,et al.  Interrogation of multiple embedded fiber sensors in civil structures using radio telemetry , 1993 .

[44]  Daniele Inaudi,et al.  Bridge spatial displacement monitoring with 100 fiber optic deformation sensors: sensors network and preliminary results , 1997, Smart Structures.

[45]  Axel Holst,et al.  Fiber-optic intensity-modulated sensors for continuous observation of concrete and rock-fill dams , 1992, Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[46]  Shun Lien Chuang,et al.  Theory and experiments on birefringent optical fibers embedded in concrete structures , 1994 .

[47]  James S. Sirkis,et al.  In-line fiber etalon (ILFE) for internal strain measurement , 1994, Smart Structures.

[48]  Stephane Teral.  Vehicle weighing in motion with fiber optic sensors , 1992, Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[49]  Martin A. Putnam,et al.  Fiber optic sensor system for bridge monitoring with both static load and dynamic modal sensing capabilities , 1996, Smart Structures.

[50]  Reinhard Wolff,et al.  Monitoring of prestressed concrete structures with optical fiber sensors , 1992, Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[51]  Alexis Mendez,et al.  Overview of optical fiber sensors embedded in concrete , 1993, Other Conferences.

[52]  Peter L. Fuhr,et al.  Dynamic Testing of Concrete with Fiber Optic Sensors , 1993 .

[53]  Antonio Nanni,et al.  Fiber-Optic Sensors for Concrete Strain-Stress Measurement , 1991 .

[54]  Alexis Mendez,et al.  Experimental results on embedded optical fiber sensors in concrete , 1993, Smart Structures.

[55]  Peter L. Fuhr,et al.  Fiber optic corrosion sensing for bridges and roadway surfaces , 1995, Smart Structures.

[56]  Daniele Inaudi,et al.  Embedded and surface-mounted fiber optic sensors for civil structural monitoring , 1997, Smart Structures.

[57]  Raymond M. Measures,et al.  A structurally integrated Bragg grating laser sensing system for a carbon fiber prestressed concrete highway bridge , 1995 .

[58]  K P Chong,et al.  Civil infrastructure systems research: hazard mitigation and intelligent material systems , 1995 .

[59]  Sami H. Rizkalla,et al.  Fiber optic Bragg grating sensor network installed in a concrete road bridge , 1994, Smart Structures.

[60]  G. Meltz,et al.  Formation of Bragg gratings in optical fibers by a transverse holographic method. , 1989, Optics letters.

[61]  Daniele Inaudi,et al.  Railway bridge monitoring during construction and sliding , 1997, Smart Structures.

[62]  Daniele Inaudi,et al.  Low-coherence interferometry for the monitoring of civil engineering structures , 1994, Other Conferences.

[63]  Martin A. Putnam,et al.  Fibre strength unaffected by on-line writing of single-pulse Bragg gratings , 1997 .

[64]  Alan D. Kersey,et al.  Development of fiber sensors for structural monitoring , 1995, Smart Structures.

[65]  Soheil Nazarian,et al.  Measuring stress distribution in pavements using single-mode fiber , 1993, Other Conferences.

[66]  Sami H. Rizkalla,et al.  Application and characterization of intracore grating sensors in a CFRP prestressed concrete girder , 1994, Smart Structures.

[67]  Bernd Hillemeier,et al.  Results in monitoring and assessment of damages in large steel and concrete structures by means of fiber optic sensors , 1995, Smart Structures.

[68]  Daniele Inaudi,et al.  Low-coherence sensors for the monitoring of underground works , 1995, Smart Structures.

[69]  P. Escobar,et al.  Fiber-optic interferometric sensors for concrete structures , 1992, Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[70]  A. Kersey,et al.  High-resolution fibre-grating based strain sensor with interferometric wavelength-shift detection , 1992 .

[71]  Michel Lequime,et al.  Embedded optical fibre strain gages for civil engineering: application to concrete monitoring , 1994, Other Conferences.