The influence of body composition on exercise-associated skin temperature changes after resistance training.

Resistance exercise leads to an increase in skin temperature (Tskin) in the area of the exercised muscle. Infrared thermography seems to be applicable to identify these primary used functional muscles with measuring Tskin changes. The aim of the current study was to investigate the influence of body composition on Tskin patterns after resistance exercise. 38 male subjects (19-32 years, BMI 20.4-55.2 kg/m2) participated. Body fat percentage and biceps skinfold thickness were calculated. The subjects were divided into two groups: lean group (LG) with body fat percentage < 25%, obese group (OG) with body fat percentage ≥ 25%. All participants completed three sets with ten repetitions of unilateral biceps curl at 50% of the one repetition maximum. To represent exercise-induced changes of Tskin to rest (Trest), the algebraic difference of each time point to Trest was calculated. The resulting delta values (∆) are as follows: immediately after the first, second, and third set (∆Tset1,∆Tset2,∆Tset3), and at 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,15,20,25,30 min after the third set (∆T1-∆T30). The maximum positive difference to Trest was defined as ∆Tmax, and the time to reach ∆Tmax was defined as Time to ∆Tmax. LG and OG differed significantly at Trest (32.8 ± 0.9 vs. 31.1 ± 1.4 °C), ∆Tmax (1.9 ± 0.4 vs. 0.9 ± 0.8 °C), Time to ∆Tmax (4.5 ± 2.0 vs. 17.6 ± 10.2 min) and at ∆Tset2 to ∆T15 (p < 0.005). Correlations between body composition (BMI, body fat percentage, biceps skinfold thickness) and Trest, ∆Tset2, ∆Tset3, ∆Tmax (-0.47 <r < -0.74, p < 0.005) and Time to ∆Tmax (0.52 <r < 0.70, p < 0.005) could be shown. In LG, a homogeneous load-induced Tskin pattern was found in all subjects, whereas heterogeneous Tskin progressions were shown in the OG. In conclusion, a greater body fat percentage and a greater skinfold thickness are associated with delayed and lower increases in Tskin after resistance exercise. In contrast to lean subjects, identifying the primary used functional muscles using infrared thermography in obese subjects is challenging.

[1]  Anna Lubkowska,et al.  Body surface temperature distribution in relation to body composition in obese women. , 2014, Journal of thermal biology.

[2]  D. Sessler,et al.  Morphometric Influences on Intraoperative Core Temperature Changes , 1995, Anesthesia and analgesia.

[3]  A. Caumo,et al.  Thermal Imaging of Exercise-Associated Skin Temperature Changes in Trained and Untrained Female Subjects , 2013, Annals of Biomedical Engineering.

[4]  Matthew J. Maley,et al.  Thermographic imaging in sports and exercise medicine: A Delphi study and consensus statement on the measurement of human skin temperature. , 2017, Journal of thermal biology.

[5]  M. Chudecka,et al.  Thermal maps of young women and men , 2015 .

[6]  D. Jones,et al.  Heat production and chemical changes during isometric contractions of the human quadriceps muscle. , 1975, The Journal of physiology.

[7]  O. Jay,et al.  Biophysical aspects of human thermoregulation during heat stress , 2016, Autonomic Neuroscience.

[8]  S A Jebb,et al.  Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index. , 2000, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[9]  A. Pries,et al.  Microcirculation in Hypertension: A New Target for Treatment? , 2001, Circulation.

[10]  C. Brito,et al.  Daily rhythm of skin temperature of women evaluated by infrared thermal imaging. , 2018, Journal of thermal biology.

[11]  Paul Webb,et al.  Calorimetric measurement of postexercise net heat loss and residual body heat storage. , 2008, Medicine and science in sports and exercise.

[12]  Thorkild I. A. Sørensen,et al.  Genetic and Environmental Transactions Underlying the Association Between Physical Fitness/Physical Exercise and Body Composition , 2015, Behavior genetics.

[13]  Anna Lubkowska,et al.  Temperature changes of selected body’s surfaces of handball players in the course of training estimated by thermovision, and the study of the impact of physiological and morphological factors on the skin temperature , 2010 .

[14]  O. Ludwig,et al.  Changes in Skin Surface Temperature during Muscular Endurance indicated Strain - An Explorative Study , 2014 .

[15]  A. D. de Craen,et al.  Accuracy of direct segmental multi-frequency bioimpedance analysis in the assessment of total body and segmental body composition in middle-aged adult population. , 2011, Clinical nutrition.

[16]  E. Coyle,et al.  Cutaneous blood flow during exercise is higher in endurance-trained humans. , 2000, Journal of applied physiology.

[17]  Wilfried De Backer,et al.  Body surface area in normal-weight, overweight, and obese adults. A comparison study. , 2006, Metabolism: clinical and experimental.

[18]  C. Brito,et al.  Skin temperature response to unilateral training measured with infrared thermography , 2017, Journal of exercise rehabilitation.

[19]  Eduardo Borba Neves,et al.  The effect of body fat percentage and body fat distribution on skin surface temperature with infrared thermography. , 2017, Journal of thermal biology.

[20]  Victor Machado Reis,et al.  The thermal response of biceps brachii to strength training , 2016 .

[21]  Agnes Psikuta,et al.  Effects of the cycling workload on core and local skin temperatures , 2016 .

[22]  Peter Krustrup,et al.  ATP and heat production in human skeletal muscle during dynamic exercise: higher efficiency of anaerobic than aerobic ATP resynthesis , 2003, The Journal of physiology.

[23]  S. Sawilowsky.  New Effect Size Rules of Thumb , 2009 .

[24]  V. Reis,et al.  Using skin temperature and muscle thickness to assess muscle response to strength training , 2015 .

[25]  David M Savastano,et al.  Adiposity and human regional body temperature. , 2009, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[26]  Paweł Bartuzi,et al.  The Influence of Fatigue on Muscle Temperature , 2012, International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics : JOSE.

[27]  G. Kenny,et al.  Sex modulates whole‐body sudomotor thermosensitivity during exercise , 2011, The Journal of physiology.

[28]  A. Tonevitsky,et al.  The human thermal portrait and its relations with aerobic working capacity and the blood lactate level , 2010, Human Physiology.

[29]  G L Romani,et al.  Comparison of cutaneous termic response to a standardised warm up in trained and untrained individuals. , 2013, The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness.

[30]  Rosario Salvador Palmer,et al.  Effect of perspiration on skin temperature measurements by infrared thermography and contact thermometry during aerobic cycling , 2015 .

[31]  J. I. Priego Quesada,et al.  Relationship between skin temperature and muscle activation during incremental cycle exercise. , 2015, Journal of thermal biology.

[32]  Victor Machado Reis,et al.  The influence of subcutaneous fat in the skin temperature variation rate during exercise , 2015 .

[33]  Mark J. Buller,et al.  Relationship between core temperature, skin temperature, and heat flux during exercise in heat , 2013, European Journal of Applied Physiology.

[34]  V. Reis,et al.  Changes in Skin Temperature During Muscular Work: a Pilot Study , 2014 .

[35]  Fabio Bandeira,et al.  Pode a termografia auxiliar no diagnóstico de lesões musculares em atletas de futebol , 2012 .

[36]  Marco Gargano,et al.  Dynamics of thermographic skin temperature response during squat exercise at two different speeds. , 2016, Journal of thermal biology.

[37]  N. Markandu,et al.  Rarefaction of skin capillaries in borderline essential hypertension suggests an early structural abnormality. , 1999, Hypertension.

[38]  N. Nitzsche,et al.  Acute Exercise-Associated Skin Surface Temperature Changes after Resistance Training with Different Exercise Intensities , 2018 .