50 years of RF and microwave sampling

Measurement of microwave and UHF signals is often done with sampling techniques. In this paper, the techniques and technology of sampling of electrical signals is reviewed from 1950 to the present. It includes both references to the open literature, as well as an extensive review of relevant patents. It also provides an overview of sampling applications and the use of computer technology to compensate and correct for errors in the sampling process.

[1]  Kensuke Kobayashi,et al.  Finite Aperture Time and Sampling Jitter Effects in Wideband Data Acquisition Systems , 2000, 56th ARFTG Conference Digest.

[2]  D. Jäger,et al.  Distributed variable-capacitance microstrip lines for microwave applications , 1977 .

[3]  M. Souders,et al.  Non-iterative waveform deconvolution using analytic reconstruction filters with time-domain weighting , 2000, Proceedings of the 17th IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37066].

[4]  N. S. Nahman.  The measurement of baseband pulse rise times of less than 10 -9 second , 1967 .

[5]  Sedki M. Riad.  Electrical Sampling Techniques , 1988 .

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[7]  Brian J. Elliott.  System for Precise Observations of Repetitive Picosecond Pulse Waveforms , 1970 .

[8]  N. Nahman,et al.  Deconvolution of causal pulse and transient data , 1990, 7th IEEE Conference on Instrumentation and Measurement Technology.

[9]  Y. Akazawa,et al.  Jitter analysis of high speed sampling systems , 1989, Symposium 1989 on VLSI Circuits.

[10]  W. M. Goodall,et al.  Fractional Millimicrosecond Electrical Stroboscope , 1960, Proceedings of the IRE.

[11]  R. D. Hall,et al.  Broad-band thin-film signal sampler , 1972 .

[12]  Ekmel Ozbay,et al.  Pulse forming and triggering using resonant tunnelling diode structures , 1990 .

[13]  R. Cole,et al.  Time domain reflectometry. , 1977, Annual review of physical chemistry.

[14]  M. Kamegawa,et al.  A 2.3 ps time-domain reflectometer for millimeter-wave network analysis , 1991, [1991] Proceedings IEEE/Cornell Conference on Advanced Concepts in High Speed Semiconductor Devices and Circuits.

[15]  中舎 安宏,et al.  Sample-and-hold circuit , 2004 .

[16]  Kensuke Kobayashi,et al.  A New Coherent Sampling System with a Triggered Time Interpolation , 2001 .

[17]  W. R. Scott,et al.  Error corrections for an automated time-domain network analyzer , 1986, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[18]  C. S. Aitchison,et al.  A 20 GHz microwave sampler , 1992 .

[19]  Rolf Landauer,et al.  Shock Waves in Nonlinear Transmission Lines and Their Effect on Parametric Amplification , 1960, IBM J. Res. Dev..

[20]  R.A. Marsland,et al.  Monolithic integrated circuits for mm-wave instrumentation , 1990, 12th Annual Symposium on Gallium Arsenide Integrated Circuit (GaAs IC).

[21]  Rolf E. Luscher.  Time-Base Circuit for Sampling Scope , 1968 .

[22]  W. M. Sharpless.  High-frequency gallium arsenide point-contact rectifiers , 1959 .

[23]  Jan Verspecht,et al.  Calibration of a Measurement System for High Frequency Nonlinear Devices , 1999 .

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[29]  T.M. Souders,et al.  The effects of timing jitter in sampling systems , 1989, 6th IEEE Conference Record., Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference.

[30]  Yves Rolain,et al.  An identification technique for data acquisition characterization in the presence of nonlinear distortions and time base distortions , 2001, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas..

[31]  J. Verspecht.  Compensation of timing jitter-induced distortion of sampled waveforms , 1994 .

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[37]  Norris S. Nahman.  Picosecond-Domain Waveform Measurement: Status and Future Directions , 1983, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[38]  Mark J. W. Rodwell,et al.  130 GHz GaAs monolithic integrated circuit sampling head , 1989 .

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[42]  P. Wolf,et al.  A Josephson sampler with 2.1 ps resolution , 1985 .

[43]  Derek E. Toeppen.  Acquisition Clock Dithering in a Digital Oscilloscope , 1997 .

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[50]  J. B. Rettig,et al.  Picosecond time interval measurements , 1995 .

[51]  Arnold S. Farber.  Sampling Oscilloscope for Millimicrosecond Pulses at a 30-Mc Repetition Rate , 1960 .

[52]  E. Vilar,et al.  RF sampling gates: a brief review , 1986 .

[53]  Hideo Kobayashi.  Sampling Jitter and Finite Aperture Time Effectes in Wideband Data Acquisition Systems , 2002 .

[54]  F. Kuo,et al.  Integration of superconducting technology for a 50 GHz sampling oscilloscope chip , 1987, 1987 International Electron Devices Meeting.

[55]  W. M. Grove.  Sampling for Oscilloscopes and Other RF Systems: DC Through X-Band , 1966 .

[56]  S. Naboicheck,et al.  5 GHz sampling oscilloscope front-end based on heterojunction bipolar transistors (HBT) , 1993, 15th Annual GaAs IC Symposium.

[57]  Heinz P. Weber,et al.  Time domain reflectometry in the micrometer range , 1987 .

[58]  Gerard N. Stenbakken,et al.  Time-base nonlinearity determination using iterated sine-fit analysis , 1998, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas..

[59]  Mark J. W. Rodwell,et al.  275 GHz 3-mask integrated GaAs sampling circuit , 1990 .

[60]  Sedki M. Riad,et al.  An Optimization Criterion for Iterative Deconvolution , 1983, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[61]  M. Hidaka,et al.  A High-Tc Superconductor Josephson Sampler , 1997 .

[62]  E. Ozbay,et al.  110-GHz monolithic resonant-tunneling-diode trigger circuit , 1991, IEEE Electron Device Letters.

[63]  J. Verspecht,et al.  Effects of nonlinear diode junction capacitance on the nose-to-nose calibration , 2001, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters.

[64]  K. Giboney,et al.  Picosecond GaAs monolithic optoelectronic sampling circuit , 1991, IEEE Photonics Technology Letters.

[65]  D. M. Bloom,et al.  500 GHz GaAs MMIC sampling wafer probe , 1993 .

[66]  S. Tahara,et al.  High-T/sub c/ superconductor sampler system for digital signal waveform measurement , 2001 .

[67]  Paul D. Hale,et al.  Least-squares estimation of time-base distortion of sampling oscilloscopes , 1999, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas..

[68]  Yu. A. Ryabinin,et al.  Study of picosecond pulses with sampling oscilloscopes and devices , 1984 .

[69]  Joe Weber,et al.  Sampling oscilloscope circuits , 1970 .

[70]  James R. Andrews,et al.  Construction of a Broadband Universal Sampling Head , 1984, IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science.

[71]  Rolf Landauer,et al.  Parametric Amplification along Nonlinear Transmission Lines , 1960 .

[72]  J. R. Andrews.  Comparison of Sampling Oscilloscopes with ∼35 ps Transition Durations , 1987 .

[73]  Hermann Schumacher,et al.  Chapter 2 Electronic Wafer Probing Techniques , 1990 .

[74]  James R. Andrews,et al.  Electrically strobed optical waveform sampling oscilloscope , 1976 .

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[76]  Brian J. Elliott.  High-sensitivity picosecond time-domain reflectometry , 1976, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[77]  K. Rush,et al.  Characterizing high-speed oscilloscopes , 1990, IEEE Spectrum.

[78]  J. Verspecht,et al.  Quantifying the maximum phase-distortion error introduced by signal samplers , 1997 .

[79]  D. Jäger,et al.  Nonlinear wave propagation along periodic-loaded transmission line , 1978 .

[80]  Tsuyoshi Yakihara,et al.  Monolithic sampling head IC , 1990 .

[81]  S. Tahara,et al.  High-resolution current measurement system using a high-T/sub c/ superconductor sampler , 2001 .

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[83]  J. Verspecht,et al.  Accurate spectral estimation based on measurements with a distorted-timebase digitizer , 1993, 1993 IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference.

[84]  Yih-Chyun Jenq,et al.  Digital spectra of nonuniformly sampled signals: a robust sampling time offset estimation algorithm for ultra high-speed waveform digitizers using interleaving , 1990 .

[85]  K. A. Remley,et al.  Analytic sampling-circuit model , 2001 .

[86]  James R Andrews.  Random sampling oscilloscope time base , 1973 .

[87]  Jan Verspecht,et al.  Analysis of Interconnection Networks and Mismatch in the Nose-to-Nose Calibration , 2000, 55th ARFTG Conference Digest.

[88]  Paul D. Hale,et al.  Estimating the Magnitude and Phase Response of a 50 GHz Sampling Oscilloscope Using the "Nose-to-Nose" Method , 2000, 55th ARFTG Conference Digest.

[89]  J. L. Moll,et al.  P-N Junction Charge-Storage Diodes , 1962, Proceedings of the IRE.

[90]  Daniël De Zutter,et al.  Extended Bennia-Riad criterion for iterative frequency-domain deconvolution , 1994 .

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[93]  B. Van Zeghbroeck.  Model for a Josephson sampling gate , 1985 .

[94]  Fabio Filicori,et al.  A non-linear dynamic modelling approach for the characterization and error compensation in sampling oscilloscopes , 1997 .

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[98]  Rudolf Schwarte,et al.  Erratum: New results of an experimental sampling system for recording fast single events , 1972 .

[99]  Gerard N. Stenbakken,et al.  Comparison of time base nonlinearity measurement techniques , 1998, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas..

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[103]  W. E. Kunz,et al.  50 GHz sampler hybrid utilizing a small shockline and an internal SRD , 1991, 1991 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest.

[104]  Hans-Jurgen Meckelburg,et al.  A High Sensitivity Microwave Sampling System with Adaptive Time-Drift Compensation , 1985, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

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[108]  R. Adde,et al.  20 ps MESFET sampling gate , 1989 .

[109]  Kate A. Remley,et al.  Realistic sampling-circuit model for a nose-to-nose simulation , 2000, 2000 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest (Cat. No.00CH37017).

[110]  Sandip Roy,et al.  Noniterative waveform deconvolution using analytic reconstruction filters with time-domain weighting , 2001, IEEE Trans. Instrum. Meas..

[111]  M. Hidaka,et al.  Circuit design for a high-T/sub c/ Josephson sampler , 1995, IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity.

[112]  David M. Bloom,et al.  Ultrafast measurements of 200-GHz GaAs Schottky photodiodes , 1993, Optics & Photonics.

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[119]  W. Thomann,et al.  A 40 GHz/9 ps Sampling Head for Wideband Applications , 1991, 1991 21st European Microwave Conference.

[120]  P. Bodin,et al.  An automated 55 GHz cryogenic Josephson sampling oscilloscope , 1993 .

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[133]  Mark J. W. Rodwell,et al.  Nonlinear transmission line for picosecond pulse compression and broadband phase modulation , 1987 .

[134]  N. G. Paulter,et al.  The effect of offset voltage on the kick-out pulses used in the nose-to-nose sampler impulse response characterization method , 2000, Proceedings of the 17th IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference [Cat. No. 00CH37066].