Security analysis and improvement of the dining cryptographer problem-based anonymous quantum communication via non-maximally entanglement state analysis

Recently, two novel anonymous quantum communication (AQC) protocols (Shi et al. in Int. J. Theor. Phys. 52, 376-384, 2013) are presented, respectively. One is in a public-receiver model, the other is in broadcasting channels. In their paper, the dining cryptographer problem (DCP) and the non-maximally entanglement state analysis (NESA) are applied. And they analyze some attack strategies, including the honest-but-curious and malicious participant attacking ones. Unfortunately, we find that there exist some potential loopholes in security. The identity of anonymous sender in the AQC protocol with a public receiver for three participants can be revealed. And the AQC protocol in broadcasting channels for n participants, which is sensitive to some special attacks, such as participant attacks, is still not so secure as expected. Here we detailedly analyze the security of their proposed protocols and make some improvements.

[1]  P. Oscar Boykin.  Information Security and Quantum Mechanics: Security of Quantum Protocols , 2002 .

[2]  Qiaoyan Wen,et al.  Improving the security of multiparty quantum secret sharing against an attack with a fake signal , 2006 .

[3]  Fei Gao,et al.  A simple participant attack on the brádler-dušek protocol , 2007, Quantum Inf. Comput..

[4]  Antoni Wojcik,et al.  Comment on 'Quantum dense key distribution' , 2005 .

[5]  V. Buzek,et al.  Toward protocols for quantum-ensured privacy and secure voting , 2011, 1108.5090.

[6]  N. Gisin,et al.  Trojan-horse attacks on quantum-key-distribution systems (6 pages) , 2005, quant-ph/0507063.

[7]  Ding Nie,et al.  Quantum anonymous voting for continuous variables , 2012 .

[8]  Guang-Can Guo,et al.  Comment on “Quantum key distribution without alternative measurements” [Phys. Rev. A 61 , 052312 (2000)] , 2001 .

[9]  宋婷婷,et al.  Participant attack on quantum secret sharing based on entanglement swapping , 2009 .

[10]  Matthias Christandl,et al.  Quantum Anonymous Transmissions , 2004, ASIACRYPT.

[11]  Qing-yu Cai,et al.  The "ping-pong" protocol can be attacked without eavesdropping. , 2003, Physical review letters.

[12]  Fei Gao,et al.  Dense-Coding Attack on Three-Party Quantum Key Distribution Protocols , 2010, IEEE Journal of Quantum Electronics.

[13]  Ying Guo,et al.  The Dining Cryptographer Problem-Based Anonymous Quantum Communication via Non-maximally Entanglement State Analysis , 2013 .

[14]  David Chaum,et al.  The dining cryptographers problem: Unconditional sender and recipient untraceability , 1988, Journal of Cryptology.

[15]  Mosayeb Naseri,et al.  Secure quantum sealed-bid auction , 2009 .

[16]  Fuguo Deng,et al.  Improving the security of multiparty quantum secret sharing against Trojan horse attack , 2005, quant-ph/0506194.

[17]  Frank Stajano,et al.  The Cocaine Auction Protocol: On the Power of Anonymous Broadcast , 1999, Information Hiding.

[18]  Qiao-Yan Wen,et al.  Cryptanalysis and improvement of a DSQC using four-particle entangled state and entanglement swapping , 2009 .

[19]  Juan Xu,et al.  ANALYZING AND REVISING A TWO-WAY PROTOCOL FOR QUANTUM CRYPTOGRAPHY WITH A NONMAXIMALLY ENTANGLED QUBIT PAIR , 2011 .

[20]  Gilles Brassard,et al.  Anonymous Quantum Communication - (Extended Abstract) , 2007, ICITS.

[21]  Tian-Yin Wang,et al.  Economical quantum anonymous transmissions , 2010 .

[22]  Wen Qiao-Yan,et al.  Teleportation attack on the QSDC protocol with a random basis and order , 2008 .

[23]  Jan Bouda,et al.  Anonymous Transmission of Quantum Information , 2007, 2007 First International Conference on Quantum, Nano, and Micro Technologies (ICQNM'07).

[24]  Antoni Wójcik.  Eavesdropping on the "ping-pong" quantum communication protocol. , 2003, Physical review letters.

[25]  Jan Bouda,et al.  QUANTUM COMMUNICATION BETWEEN ANONYMOUS SENDER AND ANONYMOUS RECEIVER IN THE PRESENCE OF STRONG ADVERSARY , 2011 .

[26]  Deng Fu-Guo,et al.  Erratum: Improving the security of multiparty quantum secret sharing against Trojan horse attack [Phys. Rev. A 72, 044302 (2005)] , 2006 .

[27]  Yixian Yang,et al.  An efficient protocol for the private comparison of equal information based on the triplet entangled state and single-particle measurement , 2010 .

[28]  Qiaoyan Wen,et al.  Comment on: “Quantum exam” [Phys. Lett. A 350 (2006) 174] , 2007 .

[29]  Qiao-Yan Wen,et al.  Improved secure quantum sealed-bid auction , 2009 .

[30]  Anthony Chefles,et al.  Quantum protocols for anonymous voting and surveying , 2005, quant-ph/0504161.

[31]  Jian-Wei Pan,et al.  Fault-tolerant quantum repeater with atomic ensembles and linear optics , 2006, quant-ph/0609151.

[32]  Wen Qiao-Yan,et al.  A Special Eavesdropping on One-Sender Versus N-Receiver QSDC Protocol , 2008 .

[33]  Qiao-Yan Wen,et al.  Comment on "experimental demonstration of a quantum protocol for Byzantine agreement and liar detection". , 2008, Physical review letters.

[34]  TianYin Wang,et al.  Quantum communications with an anonymous receiver , 2010 .

[35]  Fei Gao,et al.  Comment on “Multiparty quantum secret sharing of classical messages based on entanglement swapping” , 2007 .

[36]  V. Buzek,et al.  Towards quantum-based privacy and voting , 2005, quant-ph/0505041.

[37]  Zhiwen Zhao,et al.  Secure quantum sealed-bid auction with post-confirmation , 2010 .

[38]  Kaoru Shimizu,et al.  Two-way protocols for quantum cryptography with a nonmaximally entangled qubit pair , 2009 .

[39]  Su-Juan Qin,et al.  Cryptanalysis of multiparty controlled quantum secure direct communication using Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger state , 2010 .

[40]  Qiaoyan Wen,et al.  Cryptanalysis of the Hillery-Buzek-Berthiaume quantum secret-sharing protocol , 2007, 0801.2418.

[41]  Fen-Zhuo Guo,et al.  Consistency of shared reference frames should be reexamined , 2008 .

[42]  Hao Liang,et al.  Eavesdropping in a quantum secret sharing protocol based on Grover algorithm and its solution , 2010 .

[43]  David Chaum,et al.  Untraceable electronic mail, return addresses, and digital pseudonyms , 1981, CACM.

[44]  Su-Juan Qin,et al.  Comment on 'Two-way protocols for quantum cryptography with a nonmaximally entangled qubit pair' , 2010 .