#Outbreak: An Exploration of Twitter metadata as a means to supplement influenza surveillance in Canada during the 2013-2014 influenza season

.......................................................................................................................................... ii Table of

[1]  R. Fisher.  FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION OF THE VALUES OF THE CORRELATION COEFFIENTS IN SAMPLES FROM AN INDEFINITELY LARGE POPU;ATION , 1915 .

[2]  David M. Pennock,et al.  Using internet searches for influenza surveillance. , 2008, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[3]  Richard K. Kiang,et al.  Modeling and Predicting Seasonal Influenza Transmission in Warm Regions Using Climatological Parameters , 2010, PloS one.

[4]  Mark Dredze,et al.  Separating Fact from Fear: Tracking Flu Infections on Twitter , 2013, NAACL.

[5]  J. Viel,et al.  Soft-tissue sarcoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma clusters around a municipal solid waste incinerator with high dioxin emission levels. , 2000, American journal of epidemiology.

[6]  J. Taubenberger,et al.  The pathology of influenza virus infections. , 2008, Annual review of pathology.

[7]  T. K. Young,et al.  Geographic analysis of diabetes prevalence in an urban area. , 2003, Social science & medicine.

[8]  Cécile Viboud,et al.  Absolute Humidity and the Seasonal Onset of Influenza in the Continental United States , 2010, PLoS biology.

[9]  Alberto Maria Segre,et al.  The Use of Twitter to Track Levels of Disease Activity and Public Concern in the U.S. during the Influenza A H1N1 Pandemic , 2011, PloS one.

[10]  Shirley Large,et al.  Tracking the spatial diffusion of influenza and norovirus using telehealth data: A spatiotemporal analysis of syndromic data , 2008, BMC medicine.

[11]  Max Kuhn,et al.  caret: Classification and Regression Training , 2015 .

[12]  D. Schanzer,et al.  Estimating Influenza Deaths in Canada, 1992–2009 , 2013, PloS one.

[13]  Avinash R. Patwardhan,et al.  Comparison: Flu Prescription Sales Data from a Retail Pharmacy in the US with Google Flu Trends and US ILINet (CDC) Data as Flu Activity Indicator , 2012, PloS one.

[14]  J. Linge,et al.  Internet surveillance systems for early alerting of health threats. , 2009, Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin.

[15]  N. Nagelkerke,et al.  Evaluation of syndromic surveillance in the Netherlands: its added value and recommendations for implementation. , 2011, Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin.

[16]  J A Morris,et al.  Immunity to influenza as related to antibody levels. , 1966, The New England journal of medicine.

[17]  Dena L. Schanzer,et al.  Role of influenza and other respiratory viruses in admissions of adults to Canadian hospitals , 2008, Influenza and other respiratory viruses.

[18]  S. Magruder.  Evaluation of Over-the-Counter Pharmaceutical Sales As a Possible Early Warning Indicator of Human Disease , 2003 .

[19]  J. Hippisley-Cox,et al.  Value of syndromic surveillance in monitoring a focal waterborne outbreak due to an unusual Cryptosporidium genotype in Northamptonshire, United Kingdom, June - July 2008. , 2010, Euro surveillance : bulletin Europeen sur les maladies transmissibles = European communicable disease bulletin.

[20]  C. Bridges,et al.  Transmission of influenza: implications for control in health care settings. , 2003, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[21]  An automated system for public health surveillance of school absenteeism. , 2011, Journal of public health management and practice : JPHMP.

[22]  K. Khan,et al.  The Impact of Infection on Population Health: Results of the Ontario Burden of Infectious Diseases Study , 2012, PloS one.

[23]  Johan Bollen,et al.  Twitter mood predicts the stock market , 2010, J. Comput. Sci..

[24]  N. Nagelkerke,et al.  Validation of Syndromic Surveillance for Respiratory Pathogen Activity , 2008, Emerging infectious diseases.

[25]  Anne M Johnson,et al.  Comparative community burden and severity of seasonal and pandemic influenza: results of the Flu Watch cohort study , 2014, The Lancet Respiratory Medicine.

[26]  E. E. Ting.  Systematic Review of the Cost-Effectiveness of Influenza Immunization Programs: A Canadian Perspective , 2015 .

[27]  J. Dushoff,et al.  Patterns of spread of influenza A in Canada , 2013, Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences.

[28]  Armin R. Mikler,et al.  Text and Structural Data Mining of Influenza Mentions in Web and Social Media , 2010, International journal of environmental research and public health.

[29]  Michael J. Paul,et al.  Twitter Improves Influenza Forecasting , 2014, PLoS currents.

[30]  J. Skehel,et al.  Receptor binding and membrane fusion in virus entry: the influenza hemagglutinin. , 2000, Annual review of biochemistry.

[31]  J. Taubenberger,et al.  Pathology of human influenza revisited. , 2008, Vaccine.

[32]  D. Earn,et al.  A simple model for complex dynamical transitions in epidemics. , 2000, Science.

[33]  M. Saboui,et al.  Influenza in Canada, 2012-2013 season. , 2014, Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada.

[34]  Brian H. Spitzberg,et al.  The Reliability of Tweets as a Supplementary Method of Seasonal Influenza Surveillance , 2014, Journal of medical Internet research.

[35]  Influenza fact sheet. , 2003, Releve epidemiologique hebdomadaire.

[36]  E. Vermeire,et al.  The Value of Neuraminidase Inhibitors for the Prevention and Treatment of Seasonal Influenza: A Systematic Review of Systematic Reviews , 2013, PloS one.

[37]  Kieran Moore,et al.  Real-time syndrome surveillance in Ontario, Canada: the potential use of emergency departments and Telehealth , 2004, European journal of emergency medicine : official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine.

[38]  Jeremy Ginsberg,et al.  Detecting influenza epidemics using search engine query data , 2009, Nature.

[39]  Charlene A. Wong,et al.  Twitter Sentiment Predicts Affordable Care Act Marketplace Enrollment , 2015, Journal of medical Internet research.

[40]  J. Fitzgerald,et al.  Hospital Ventilation and Risk for Tuberculous Infection in Canadian Health Care Workers , 2000, Annals of Internal Medicine.

[41]  W. Edmunds,et al.  The contribution of respiratory pathogens to the seasonality of NHS Direct calls , 2007, Journal of Infection.

[42]  Mark A. Miller,et al.  Synchrony, Waves, and Spatial Hierarchies in the Spread of Influenza , 2006, Science.

[43]  R Core Team,et al.  R: A language and environment for statistical computing. , 2014 .

[44]  J Mackenzie,et al.  Geographical distribution of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in Great Britain, 1994–2000 , 2001, The Lancet.

[45]  Richard A. Lemay,et al.  Syndromic surveillance for influenzalike illness. , 2008, Biosecurity and bioterrorism : biodefense strategy, practice, and science.

[46]  Michael D. Barnes,et al.  Tweaking and Tweeting: Exploring Twitter for Nonmedical Use of a Psychostimulant Drug (Adderall) Among College Students , 2013, Journal of medical Internet research.

[47]  J. Rello,et al.  Clinical review: Primary influenza viral pneumonia , 2009, Critical care.

[48]  Ralph Grishman,et al.  Information extraction for enhanced access to disease outbreak reports , 2002, J. Biomed. Informatics.

[49]  K. Subbarao,et al.  Influenza , 2017, The Lancet.

[50]  Martin Kulldorff,et al.  Prospective time periodic geographical disease surveillance using a scan statistic , 2001 .

[51]  R. Compans,et al.  Inhibition of influenza virus replication in tissue culture by 2-deoxy-2,3-dehydro-N-trifluoroacetylneuraminic acid (FANA): mechanism of action. , 1976, The Journal of general virology.

[52]  Aron Culotta,et al.  Detecting influenza outbreaks by analyzing Twitter messages , 2010, ArXiv.

[53]  F. Baldanti,et al.  Viral shedding in children infected by pandemic A/H1N1/2009 influenza virus , 2011, Virology Journal.

[54]  Yutaka Matsuo,et al.  Earthquake shakes Twitter users: real-time event detection by social sensors , 2010, WWW '10.

[55]  J K Albrecht,et al.  Influenza B in households: virus shedding without symptoms or antibody response. , 1987, American journal of epidemiology.

[56]  Martin Kulldorff,et al.  Benchmark data and power calculations for evaluating disease outbreak detection methods. , 2004, MMWR supplements.

[57]  Qingxia Chen,et al.  Effectiveness of influenza vaccine for preventing laboratory-confirmed influenza hospitalizations in adults, 2011-2012 influenza season. , 2013, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[58]  Martin Szomszor,et al.  #Swineflu: Twitter Predicts Swine Flu Outbreak in 2009 , 2010, eHealth.

[59]  L. Rebecca,et al.  Supplementary Figures for “Protection of large predators in a marine reserve alters size-dependent prey mortality” by R. L. Selden, S. D. Gaines, S. L. Hamilton, and R. R. Warner in Proceedings of the Royal Society B" , 2017 .

[60]  G. Eysenbach.  Infodemiology and Infoveillance: Framework for an Emerging Set of Public Health Informatics Methods to Analyze Search, Communication and Publication Behavior on the Internet , 2009, Journal of medical Internet research.

[61]  Mizuki Morita,et al.  Twitter Catches The Flu: Detecting Influenza Epidemics using Twitter , 2011, EMNLP.

[62]  J. Taubenberger,et al.  1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics , 2006, Emerging infectious diseases.

[63]  Kristina Lerman,et al.  Information Contagion: An Empirical Study of the Spread of News on Digg and Twitter Social Networks , 2010, ICWSM.

[64]  Yuan-ji Guo,et al.  Isolation of influenza C virus from pigs and experimental infection of pigs with influenza C virus. , 1983 .

[65]  M. Kulldorff,et al.  A Space–Time Permutation Scan Statistic for Disease Outbreak Detection , 2005, PLoS medicine.

[66]  Annibale Biggeri,et al.  Adult and childhood leukemia near a high-power radio station in Rome, Italy. , 2002, American journal of epidemiology.

[67]  P. Fallis.  Influenza season. , 1994, The Canadian journal of infection control : the official journal of the Community & Hospital Infection Control Association-Canada = Revue canadienne de prevention des infections.

[68]  Keiji Fukuda,et al.  Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States. , 2003, JAMA.

[69]  J. Dushoff,et al.  Effects of school closure on pandemic influenza incidence in Alberta , Canada , 2012 .

[70]  Annice E Kim,et al.  Using Twitter Data to Gain Insights into E-cigarette Marketing and Locations of Use: An Infoveillance Study , 2015, Journal of medical Internet research.

[71]  Anthony Stefanidis,et al.  #Earthquake: Twitter as a Distributed Sensor System , 2013, Trans. GIS.

[72]  E. Lofgren,et al.  Influenza Seasonality: Underlying Causes and Modeling Theories , 2006, Journal of Virology.

[73]  Brian H. Spitzberg,et al.  The Complex Relationship of Realspace Events and Messages in Cyberspace: Case Study of Influenza and Pertussis Using Tweets , 2013, Journal of medical Internet research.

[74]  Ryen W. White,et al.  Seeking and sharing health information online: comparing search engines and social media , 2014, CHI.

[75]  M. Jeggo,et al.  Avian Influenza from an Ecohealth Perspective , 2014, EcoHealth.

[76]  Patty Kostkova,et al.  Early Warning and Outbreak Detection Using Social Networking Websites: The Potential of Twitter , 2009, eHealth.

[77]  A. Douglas,et al.  The evolution of human influenza viruses. , 2001, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences.