An asynchronous scheduled MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) comprise a number of autonomous sensors and one or more sinks to cooperatively monitor physical or environmental conditions. Energy efficiency is a key design factor of a MAC protocol for WSNs. Due to the importance of the problem, a number of energy efficient MAC protocols have been developed for WSNs. Preamble-sampling based MAC protocols (e.g., B-MAC and X-MAC) have overheads due to their preambles, and are inefficient at large wakeup intervals. SCP-MAC, a synchronous scheduled energy-efficient scheduling MAC protocol, minimizes the preamble by combining preamble sampling and scheduling techniques; however, it does not prevent energy loss due to overhearing; in addition, due to its synchronization procedure, it results in increased contention and delay. In this paper, we present an energy efficient MAC protocol for WSNs that avoids overhearing and reduces contention and delay by asynchronously scheduling the wakeup time of neighboring nodes. We provide an energy consumption analysis for multi-hop networks. To validate our design and analysis, we implement the proposed scheme in TinyOS. Experimental results show that AS-MAC considerably reduces energy consumption, packet loss and delay when compared with existing energy efficient MAC protocols.

[1]  Christian C. Enz,et al.  Poster abstract: wiseMAC, an ultra low power MAC protocol for the wiseNET wireless sensor network , 2003, SenSys '03.

[2]  Bhaskar Krishnamachari,et al.  An adaptive energy-efficient and low-latency MAC for data gathering in wireless sensor networks , 2004, 18th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium, 2004. Proceedings..

[3]  Robert Tappan Morris,et al.  Span: An Energy-Efficient Coordination Algorithm for Topology Maintenance in Ad Hoc Wireless Networks , 2002, Wirel. Networks.

[4]  Andreas Terzis,et al.  Design and evaluation of a versatile and efficient receiver-initiated link layer for low-power wireless , 2010, SenSys '10.

[5]  Eylem Ekici,et al.  A Receiver Oriented MAC Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2007, 2007 IEEE Internatonal Conference on Mobile Adhoc and Sensor Systems.

[6]  Eric Anderson,et al.  X-MAC: a short preamble MAC protocol for duty-cycled wireless sensor networks , 2006, SenSys '06.

[7]  M. Lakshmanan,et al.  AN ADAPTIVE ENERGY EFFICIENT MAC PROTOCOL FOR WIRELESS SENSOR NETWORKS , 2009 .

[8]  Yu-Chee Tseng,et al.  Power-saving protocols for IEEE 802.11-based multi-hop ad hoc networks , 2003, Comput. Networks.

[9]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  Geography-informed energy conservation for Ad Hoc routing , 2001, MobiCom '01.

[10]  Cem Ersoy,et al.  MAC protocols for wireless sensor networks: a survey , 2006, IEEE Communications Magazine.

[11]  Michael A Arbib,et al.  Theories of abstract automata (Prentice-Hall series in automatic computation) , 1969 .

[12]  John S. Heidemann,et al.  Ultra-low duty cycle MAC with scheduled channel polling , 2006, SenSys '06.

[13]  Suresh Singh,et al.  PAMAS—power aware multi-access protocol with signalling for ad hoc networks , 1998, CCRV.

[14]  David E. Culler,et al.  System architecture directions for networked sensors , 2000, SIGP.

[15]  V. Bharghavan,et al.  MACAW: A media access protocol for wireless LANs , 1994 .

[16]  Ian F. Akyildiz,et al.  Sensor Networks , 2002, Encyclopedia of GIS.

[17]  Amre El-Hoiydi,et al.  WiseMAC: an ultra low power MAC protocol for the downlink of infrastructure wireless sensor networks , 2004, Proceedings. ISCC 2004. Ninth International Symposium on Computers And Communications (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8769).

[18]  Youngmin Kim,et al.  Y-MAC: An Energy-Efficient Multi-channel MAC Protocol for Dense Wireless Sensor Networks , 2008, 2008 International Conference on Information Processing in Sensor Networks (ipsn 2008).

[19]  Giuseppe Di Battista,et al.  26 Computer Networks , 2004 .

[20]  Christian Enz,et al.  wiseMAC, an ultra low power MAC protocol for the wiseNET wireless sensor network. , 2003 .

[21]  Lei Tang,et al.  EM-MAC: a dynamic multichannel energy-efficient MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks , 2011, MobiHoc '11.

[22]  Lei Tang,et al.  PW-MAC: An energy-efficient predictive-wakeup MAC protocol for wireless sensor networks , 2011, 2011 Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM.

[23]  Injong Rhee,et al.  Z-MAC: a hybrid MAC for wireless sensor networks , 2005, SenSys '05.

[24]  Lei Tang,et al.  ADB: an efficient multihop broadcast protocol based on asynchronous duty-cycling in wireless sensor networks , 2009, SenSys '09.

[25]  Rong Zheng,et al.  Asynchronous wakeup for ad hoc networks , 2003, MobiHoc '03.

[26]  Kang G. Shin,et al.  E-MiLi: Energy-Minimizing Idle Listening in Wireless Networks , 2012, IEEE Trans. Mob. Comput..

[27]  Martin Nilsson,et al.  Investigating the energy consumption of a wireless network interface in an ad hoc networking environment , 2001, Proceedings IEEE INFOCOM 2001. Conference on Computer Communications. Twentieth Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Society (Cat. No.01CH37213).

[28]  Omer Gurewitz,et al.  RI-MAC: a receiver-initiated asynchronous duty cycle MAC protocol for dynamic traffic loads in wireless sensor networks , 2008, SenSys '08.

[29]  David E. Culler,et al.  Versatile low power media access for wireless sensor networks , 2004, SenSys '04.

[30]  Mihail L. Sichitiu,et al.  Cross-layer scheduling for power efficiency in wireless sensor networks , 2004, IEEE INFOCOM 2004.

[31]  Deborah Estrin,et al.  Medium access control with coordinated adaptive sleeping for wireless sensor networks , 2004, IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking.

[32]  David B. Johnson,et al.  Efficient duty cycle mac protocols for dynamic traffic loads in wireless sensor networks , 2009 .

[33]  Michael A. Arbib,et al.  Theories of abstract automata , 1969, Prentice-Hall series in automatic computation.