Positive Feedback and Research Productivity in Science: Reopening Another Black Box

Comments and suggestions made by members of the Science, Technology and Economics Workshop at Stanford University (October 1992), the able research assistance of Phillip Lim, and the support of the Science and Society Program of the Andrew W. Mellon Foundation, all are gratefully acknowledged. This revision of a paper originally presented to the conference on Innovation and Technological Change in Mastrand, Sweden, in August 1992, was undertaken during the author's tenure of a Visiting Fellowing at All Souls College, Oxford.

[1]  W. Brian Arthur,et al.  Path-dependent processes and the emergence of macro-structure , 1987 .

[2]  Norman Kaplan,et al.  The Sociology of Science: Theoretical and Empirical Investigations , 1974 .

[3]  David R. Segal,et al.  The Reward System in British and American Science. , 1979 .

[4]  A. Bayer,et al.  Some Correlates of a Citation Measure of Productivity in Science , 1966 .

[5]  D. Mowery,et al.  Technology and the pursuit of economic growth , 1991 .

[6]  Stephen Cole,et al.  Social Stratification in Science , 1974 .

[7]  N Wade,et al.  Citation analysis: a new tool for science administrators. , 1975, Science.

[8]  P. David,et al.  Toward a new economics of science , 1994 .

[9]  A. F. J. van Raan,et al.  Handbook of quantitative studies of science and technology , 1988 .

[10]  R. Cowan Tortoises and Hares: Choice among Technologies of Unknown Merit , 1991 .

[11]  J. S. Long,et al.  Cumulative Advantage and Inequality in Science , 1982 .

[12]  R. Merton The Matthew Effect in Science, II: Cumulative Advantage and the Symbolism of Intellectual Property , 1988, Isis.

[13]  R. Merton The Matthew Effect in Science , 1968, Science.

[14]  Roberta Brawer The Outer Circle: Women in the Scientific Community , 1994, Hypatia.

[15]  K. Arrow Economic Welfare and the Allocation of Resources for Invention , 1962 .

[16]  W. B. Arthur,et al.  On Competing Technologies and Historical Small Events: The Dynamics of Choice under Increasing Returns , 1983 .

[17]  Paul A. David,et al.  Economic policy and technological performance: Some new standards for the economics of standardization in the information age , 1987 .

[18]  Derek de Solla Price,et al.  A general theory of bibliometric and other cumulative advantage processes , 1976, J. Am. Soc. Inf. Sci..

[19]  Stephen J. Bensman Bibliometric Laws and Library Usage as Social Phenomena. , 1982 .

[20]  P. David Clio and the Economics of QWERTY , 1985 .

[21]  Calvin W. Taylor,et al.  Scientific creativity: Its recognition and development. , 1963 .

[22]  P. Allison,et al.  Productivity Differences Among Scientists: Evidence for Accumulative Advantage , 1974 .

[23]  William Shockley,et al.  On the Statistics of Individual Variations of Productivity in Research Laboratories , 1957, Proceedings of the IRE.

[24]  A. Jaffe Technological Opportunity and Spillovers of R&D: Evidence from Firms&Apos; Patents, Profits and Market Value , 1986 .

[25]  Paul A. David,et al.  Technical Choice Innovation and Economic Growth: Essays on American and British Experience in the Nineteenth Century , 1975 .

[26]  Partha Dasgupta,et al.  Information Disclosure and the Economics of Science and Technology , 1987 .

[27]  Patrick Suppes,et al.  Institute for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences , 1969 .

[28]  D. Mowery,et al.  Analysing The Economic Payoffs From Basic Research , 1992 .

[29]  T. Kuran,et al.  PREFERENCE FALSIFICATION, POLICY CONTINUITY AND COLLECTIVE CONSERVATISM* , 1987 .

[30]  Daryl E. Chubin,et al.  Competence is Not Enough@@@Peer Review in the National Science Foundation: Phase one of a Study. , 1980 .

[31]  Harriet Zuckerman,et al.  Age, aging, and age structure in science , 1968 .

[32]  R. Nelson The Simple Economics of Basic Scientific Research , 1959, Journal of Political Economy.

[33]  H. Simon,et al.  Models Of Man : Social And Rational , 1957 .

[34]  Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States: , 1979 .

[35]  D. Mowery Economic theory and government technology policy , 1983 .

[36]  J. Aitchison,et al.  The lognormal distribution : with special reference to its uses in economics , 1957 .

[37]  Jerry Gaston,et al.  The reward system in British and American science , 1979 .

[38]  M. Polanyi The Republic of Science: Its Political and Economic Theory , 1962 .

[39]  Alfred J. Lotka,et al.  The frequency distribution of scientific productivity , 1926 .