Entoptic image quality of the retinal vasculature

Spatial details of entoptically visible retinal vessels were investigated using transcleral and Maxwellian-view stimulators. Nine normal subjects provided detailed drawings of the entoptic images which were digitized and superimposed onto digitized fundus photographs and fluorescein angiograms from the same eyes. Subjects also used a tracing method to locate visible entoptic features. The trans-scleral method provided images similar in detail to standard fundus photography (lacking capillary detail, but capturing larger arteries, veins, arterioles and venules) in the macula and around the disk. The Maxwellian-view method illuminated the fovea (7.7 degree field) and provided foveola capillary detail (capillaries traversing the foveola, the capillary arcade forming the FAZ) as well as the larger foveal vessels supplying the foveola, and often contained more foveal detail that available with fluorescein angiography.

[1]  D M Snodderly,et al.  Comparison of fluorescein angiography with microvascular anatomy of macaque retinas. , 1995, Experimental eye research.

[2]  Christopher W. Tyler,et al.  Some new entoptic phenomena , 1978, Vision Research.

[3]  R. Weinhaus,et al.  Retinal vasculature of the fovea of the squirrel monkey, Saimiri sciureus: Three‐dimensional architecture, visual screening, and relationships to the neuronal layers , 1990, The Journal of comparative neurology.

[4]  S. Duke-Elder.  System of Ophthalmology , 1962 .

[5]  J Yeung,et al.  Macular-foveal capillaries in human retina. , 1973, Australian journal of ophthalmology.

[6]  R A Applegate,et al.  Entoptic visualization of the retinal vasculature near fixation. , 1990, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[7]  D. Snodderly,et al.  Neural-vascular relationships in central retina of macaque monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) , 1992, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[8]  G. Kluxen,et al.  An Entoptic Test in Diabetic Patients , 1987, Diabetes Care.

[9]  J. Gilchrist,et al.  PSYCHOPHYSICAL MEASUREMENT OF THE FOVEAL AVASCULAR ZONE * , 1987, Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians.

[10]  Hermann von Helmholtz,et al.  Treatise on Physiological Optics , 1962 .

[11]  G. Westheimer.  The spatial grain of the perifoveal visual field , 1982, Vision Research.

[12]  D. Guyton,et al.  Origin of the foveal granular pattern in entoptic viewing. , 1994, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[13]  C. Sharpe,et al.  The visibility and fading of thin lines visualized by their controlled movement across the retina , 1972, The Journal of physiology.

[14]  M Palta,et al.  Abnormalities of the foveal avascular zone in diabetic retinopathy. , 1984, Archives of ophthalmology.

[15]  R D Freeman.  Alignment detection and resolution as a function of retinal location. , 1966, American journal of optometry and archives of American Academy of Optometry.

[16]  W. Freeman.  Practical atlas of retinal disease and therapy , 1993 .

[17]  R A Applegate,et al.  Retinal fixation point location in the foveal avascular zone. , 1990, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[18]  David G. Cogan,et al.  Retinal Vascular Patterns: Part II. Human Retinal Vessels Studied in Three Dimensions , 1961 .

[19]  Arthur Bradley,et al.  Psychophysical measurement of the size and shape of the human foveal avascular zone , 1992, Ophthalmic & physiological optics : the journal of the British College of Ophthalmic Opticians.

[20]  A. Bradley,et al.  Entoptic evaluation of diabetic retinopathy. , 1997, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[21]  M. Reim,et al.  Measurement of retinal micro- and macrocirculation in patients with diabetes mellitus with scanning laser ophthalmoscopy , 1992 .

[22]  London,et al.  Textbook of the Fundus of the Eye , 1971 .

[23]  C. Clemente.  HISTOLOGY OF THE HUMAN EYE : An Atlas and Textbook , 1973 .

[24]  L. Laatikainen,et al.  Capillary-free area of the fovea with advancing age. , 1977, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[25]  R A Weale,et al.  On the retinal vasculature of the human fovea. , 1974, Experimental eye research.

[26]  C. Sharpe.  A fresh approach to stabilized retinal images. II. , 1971, The Journal of physiology.

[27]  C E Riva,et al.  Blue field entoptic phenomenon and blood velocity in the retinal capillaries. , 1980, Journal of the Optical Society of America.

[28]  F. Blodi,et al.  Textbook of the Fundus of the Eye , 1971 .

[29]  J S Rapkin,et al.  Digital fundus imaging: a comparison with photographic techniques. , 1991, Annals of ophthalmology.

[30]  L. Thibos,et al.  Retinal limits to the detection and resolution of gratings. , 1987, Journal of the Optical Society of America. A, Optics and image science.

[31]  R Jagoe,et al.  Retinal vessel circulation patterns visualized from a sequence of computer-aligned angiograms. , 1993, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.