Components of reflexive visual orienting to moving objects

Posner and Cohen (1984) and Maylor (1985) initially observed that a luminance change produces both facilitatory and inhibitory effects on subsequent detection. While Posner and Cohen claimed that the facilitatory effect was mapped in retinotopic coordinates, they showed that inhibition of return (IOR) was mapped in “environmental coordinates.” Tipper and colleagues (Tipper, Driver, & Weaver, 1991; Tipper et al., 1997; Tipper, Weaver, Jerreat, & Burak, 1994) and Abrams and Dobkin (1994b) have recently reported that IOR can be object based, but contradictory results have also been reported (Muller & von Mühlenen, 1996). Here we report six experiments showing that an uninformative peripheral cue can generate either facilitatory or inhibitory object-based effects that can tag moving objects and that can persist for several hundred milliseconds. Although the boundary conditions determining which effect will be manifest remain to be defined, the present results suggest that facilitation and inhibition are generated independently, rather than being components of the same biphasic process.

[1]  S Ullman,et al.  Parallel and serial processes in motion detection. , 1987, Science.

[2]  A. Treisman,et al.  Attention and apparent motion. , 1994, Spatial vision.

[3]  H Egeth,et al.  Inhibition and disinhibition of return: Evidence from temporal order judgments , 1994, Perception & psychophysics.

[4]  J. R. Simon,et al.  Reactions toward the source of stimulation. , 1969, Journal of experimental psychology.

[5]  S P Tipper,et al.  Object-based facilitation and inhibition from visual orienting in the human split-brain. , 1997, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[6]  P. Cavanagh,et al.  Motion: the long and short of it. , 1989, Spatial vision.

[7]  R. Rafal,et al.  The neurology of inhibition: Integrating controlled and automatic processes. , 1994 .

[8]  M. Posner,et al.  Components of visual orienting , 1984 .

[9]  R. Abrams,et al.  Inhibition of return: effects of attentional cuing on eye movement latencies. , 1994, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[10]  S. Tipper,et al.  Object-based and environment-based inhibition of return of visual attention. , 1994 .

[11]  R. Rafal,et al.  Effects of inhibition of return on voluntary and visually guided saccades. , 1994, Canadian journal of experimental psychology = Revue canadienne de psychologie experimentale.

[12]  S. Tipper,et al.  Short Report: Object-Centred Inhibition of Return of Visual Attention , 1991, The Quarterly journal of experimental psychology. A, Human experimental psychology.

[13]  Jon Driver,et al.  Covert Orienting in the Split Brain Reveals Hemispheric Specialization for Object-Based Attention , 1994 .

[14]  B. Weaver,et al.  The effects of practice on object-based, location-based, and static-display inhibition of return , 1998, Perception & psychophysics.

[15]  Petersik Jt.  The two-process distinction in apparent motion. , 1989 .

[16]  S. Shimojo,et al.  Location vs Feature: Reaction Time Reveals Dissociation Between Two Visual Functions , 1996, Vision Research.

[17]  I. Rock.  The Logic of Perception , 1983 .

[18]  Robert Hockey,et al.  Effects of repetition on the facilitatory and inhibitory components of orienting in visual space , 1987, Neuropsychologia.

[19]  E. Maylor,et al.  Inhibitory component of externally controlled covert orienting in visual space. , 1985, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[20]  O. Braddick.  A short-range process in apparent motion. , 1974, Vision research.

[21]  R. Rafal,et al.  Shifting visual attention between objects and locations: evidence from normal and parietal lesion subjects. , 1994, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[22]  A. Mikami,et al.  Direction selective neurons respond to short-range and long-range apparent motion stimuli in macaque visual area MT. , 1991, The International journal of neuroscience.

[23]  R. Ivry,et al.  Dissociation of short- and long-range apparent motion in visual search. , 1990, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[24]  D. Kahneman,et al.  The reviewing of object files: Object-specific integration of information , 1992, Cognitive Psychology.

[25]  H. Müller,et al.  Attentional tracking and inhibition of return in dynamic displays , 1996, Perception & psychophysics.

[26]  B. Julesz,et al.  Displacement limits, directional anisotropy and direction versus form discrimination in random-dot cinematograms , 1983, Vision Research.

[27]  L. Chelazzi,et al.  Do peripheral non-informative cues induce early facilitation of target detection? , 1994, Vision Research.

[28]  P. Calabresi,et al.  Saccade preparation inhibits reorienting to recently attended locations. , 1989, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.