The significance of the surface properties of oxidized titanium to the bone response: special emphasis on potential biochemical bonding of oxidized titanium implant.

The aim of the present study is to investigate bone tissue reactions to various surface oxide properties, in particular to different surface oxide chemistry of oxidized titanium implants (grade 1). One control and three test screw-shaped implant groups were prepared. Controls were turned implants. Test implants, i.e. S implants, P implants and Ca implants were by the micro-arc oxidation (MAO) method. The surface characterizations were performed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry and TopScan 3D. Eighty implants were inserted in the femora and tibiae of ten mature New Zealand white rabbits for 6 weeks. The removal torque values (RTQ) showed significant differences between S implants and controls (p=0.022), Ca implants and controls (p=0.0001), Ca implants and P implants (p=0.005) but did not show significant differences between the others (p>0.05). In addition, the bone to metal contact (BMC) around the entire implants demonstrated 186% increase in S implants, 232% increase in P implants and 272% increase in Ca implants when compared to the paired control groups. Based on the comparative analysis of the surface characteristics resulting different bone responses between all groups, it was concluded that surface chemistry and topography separately or together play important roles in the bone response to the oxidized implants.

[1]  T Albrektsson,et al.  The electrochemical oxide growth behaviour on titanium in acid and alkaline electrolytes. , 2001, Medical engineering & physics.

[2]  Ann Wennerberg,et al.  Resonance frequency and removal torque analysis of implants with turned and anodized surface oxides. , 2002, Clinical oral implants research.

[3]  H. Hansson,et al.  Interface analysis of titanium and zirconium bone implants. , 1985, Biomaterials.

[4]  C. V. van Blitterswijk,et al.  The ultrastructure of the bone-hydroxyapatite interface in vitro. , 1992, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[5]  A. Ektessabi.  Ion beam processing of bio-ceramics , 1995 .

[6]  H. M. Kim,et al.  Preparation of bioactive Ti and its alloys via simple chemical surface treatment. , 1996, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[7]  A. Meunier,et al.  Long-term in vivo bioactivity and degradability of bulk sol-gel bioactive glasses. , 2001, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[8]  T. Albrektsson,et al.  Characteristics of the surface oxides on turned and electrochemically oxidized pure titanium implants up to dielectric breakdown: the oxide thickness, micropore configurations, surface roughness, crystal structure and chemical composition. , 2002, Biomaterials.

[9]  T. Röstlund,et al.  Commercially pure titanium and Ti6AI4V implants with and without nitrogen-ion implantation: surface characterization and quantitative studies in rabbit cortical bone , 1993 .

[10]  G. M. Vidigal,et al.  Histomorphometric analyses of hydroxyapatite-coated and uncoated titanium dental implants in rabbit cortical bone. , 1999, Implant dentistry.

[11]  T. Albrektsson,et al.  Oxidized titanium screws coated with calcium ions and their performance in rabbit bone. , 2002, The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants.

[12]  K. Donath,et al.  Interface between bone tissue and implants of solid hydroxyapatite or hydroxyapatite-coated titanium implants. , 1989, Biomaterials.

[13]  T Albrektsson,et al.  Oxidized implants and their influence on the bone response , 2001, Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine.

[14]  J. Ong,et al.  Hydroxyapatite and their use as coatings in dental implants: a review. , 2000, Critical reviews in biomedical engineering.

[15]  M. Neo,et al.  Ultrastructure of the interface between bioactive composite and bone: comparison of apatite and wollastonite containing glass-ceramic filler with hydroxyapatite and beta-tricalcium phosphate fillers. , 2001, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[16]  B. Kasemo,et al.  Bone response to surface modified titanium implants – studies on the tissue response after 1 year to machined and electropolished implants with different oxide thicknesses , 1997, Journal of materials science. Materials in medicine.

[17]  J. Jansen,et al.  Application of magnetron sputtering for producing ceramic coatings on implant materials. , 1993, Clinical oral implants research.

[18]  P. Herberts,et al.  Bone response to hydroxyapatite‐coated and commercially pure titanium implants in the human arthritic knee , 1994, Journal of orthopaedic research : official publication of the Orthopaedic Research Society.

[19]  T. Albrektsson.  Hydroxyapatite-coated implants: a case against their use. , 1998, Journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery : official journal of the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons.

[20]  Y. Kitamura,et al.  Bioactive bone cement: effect of filler size on mechanical properties and osteoconductivity. , 2001, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[21]  H. Ishizawa,et al.  Mechanical and histological investigation of hydrothermally treated and untreated anodic titanium oxide films containing Ca and P. , 1995, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[22]  T. Kokubo.  A/W GLASS-CERAMIC: PROCESSING AND PROPERTIES , 1993 .

[23]  T Albrektsson,et al.  An ultrastructural characterization of the interface between bone and sputtered titanium or stainless steel surfaces. , 1986, Biomaterials.

[24]  R. Palmer,et al.  A 5-year prospective study of Astra single tooth implants. , 2000, Clinical oral implants research.

[25]  P Ducheyne,et al.  Bioactive ceramic prosthetic coatings. , 1992, Clinical orthopaedics and related research.

[26]  L. Nolte,et al.  Interface shear strength of titanium implants with a sandblasted and acid-etched surface: a biomechanical study in the maxilla of miniature pigs. , 1999, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[27]  F Burny,et al.  Tissues and bone adhesives--historical aspects. , 1998, Biomaterials.

[28]  A. Cigada,et al.  In vitro and in vivo behaviour of Ca- and P-enriched anodized titanium. , 1999, Biomaterials.

[29]  A. Wennerberg.  On surface roughness and implant incorporation , 1996 .

[30]  K Asaoka,et al.  Early bone formation around calcium-ion-implanted titanium inserted into rat tibia. , 1997, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[31]  J. Black,et al.  Biological and biomechanical performance of biomaterials: Editors: P. Christel, A. Meunier and A.J.C. Lee Elsevier Science Publishers, Amsterdam, 1986, pp 550, $124 , 1987 .

[32]  H. Kleinman,et al.  Osteonectin, a bone-specific protein linking mineral to collagen , 1981, Cell.

[33]  H. M. Kim,et al.  Graded surface structure of bioactive titanium prepared by chemical treatment. , 1999, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[34]  H. M. Kim,et al.  Bonding of chemically treated titanium implants to bone. , 1997, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[35]  H. Ishizawa,et al.  Formation and characterization of anodic titanium oxide films containing Ca and P. , 1995, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[36]  T. Albrektsson,et al.  Qualitative and quantitative observations of bone tissue reactions to anodised implants. , 2002, Biomaterials.

[37]  D. Haddow,et al.  Sol-Gel Derived Calcium Phosphate Coatings for Biomedical Applications , 1998 .

[38]  L. Hench,et al.  The sol-gel process , 1990 .

[39]  M. Pharoah,et al.  Five- to six-year results of a prospective clinical trial using the ENDOPORE dental implant and a mandibular overdenture. , 1999, Clinical oral implants research.

[40]  I. G. Turner,et al.  Vacuum plasma sprayed hydroxyapatite coatings on titanium alloy substrates: Surface characterization and observation of dissolution processes using atomic force microscopy , 1996 .

[41]  Junying Chen,et al.  Properties of titanium oxide biomaterials synthesized by titanium plasma immersion ion implantation and reactive ion oxidation , 2000 .

[42]  H. M. Kim,et al.  The effect of heat treatment on bone-bonding ability of alkali-treated titanium. , 1999, Biomaterials.

[43]  B. Kasemo,et al.  Bone response to surface modified titanium implants: studies on electropolished implants with different oxide thicknesses and morphology. , 1994, Biomaterials.

[44]  S. Howdle,et al.  Physical, chemical, and biological characterization of pulsed laser deposited and plasma sputtered hydroxyapatite thin films on titanium alloy. , 2000, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[45]  T. Hanawa,et al.  Three-dimensional bone response to commercially pure titanium, hydroxyapatite, and calcium-ion-mixing titanium in rabbits. , 2000, The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants.

[46]  Jonathan Black,et al.  Handbook of Biomaterial Properties , 1998, Springer US.

[47]  U. Oron,et al.  Bone growth to metal implants is regulated by their surface chemical properties. , 1993, Biomaterials.

[48]  T. Testori,et al.  A prospective multicenter clinical study of the Osseotite implant: four-year interim report. , 2001, The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants.

[49]  B. Kasemo,et al.  Bone response to surface-modified titanium implants: studies on the early tissue response to machined and electropolished implants with different oxide thicknesses. , 1996, Biomaterials.

[50]  H. Oonishi,et al.  Quantitative comparison of bone growth behavior in granules of Bioglass, A-W glass-ceramic, and hydroxyapatite. , 2000, Journal of biomedical materials research.

[51]  W. Wagner,et al.  Highly crystalline MP-1 hydroxylapatite coating. Part I: In vitro characterization and comparison to other plasma-sprayed hydroxylapatite coatings. , 1999, Clinical oral implants research.

[52]  M. Gottlander.  On hard tissue reactions to hydroxyapatite-coated titanium implants , 1994 .