Économie de la société féodale rwandaise.
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C. Vidal — The economies of Rwanda feudal society . The economic System characteristic of Rwanda's traditional structure was preserved up to 1920. This traditional structure was marked by a contradiction between the main ideological relationship, based upon several forms of personal links and the actual production relationship, based upon agricultural wage-earning. Especially the ubuhake , represented as the basic political relationship, served as mask for a system of land-based dependency which Ml upon everybody except the chiefs.
[1] Joseph Rwabukumba,et al. Les formes historiques de la dépendance personnelle dans l'État rwandais , 1974 .
[2] Catharine Newbury. Deux lignages au Kinyaga , 1974 .