Increased Pituitary Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor- a in Dopaminergic D2 Receptor Knockout Female Mice

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A is an important angiogenic cytokine in cancer and pathological angiogenesis and has been related to the antiangiogenic activity of dopa-mine in endothelial cells. We investigated VEGF expression, localization, and function in pituitary hyperplasia of dopa-mine D2 receptor (D2R)-knockout female mice. Pituitaries from knockout mice showed increased protein and mRNA VEGF-A expression when compared with wild-type mice. In wild-type mice, prolonged treatment with the D2R antagonist, haloperidol, enhanced pituitary VEGF expression and pro-lactin release, suggesting that dopamine inhibits pituitary VEGF expression. VEGF expression was also increased in pituitary cells from knockout mice, even though these cells proliferated less in vitro when compared with wild-type cells, as determined by

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