Does diet affect breast cancer risk?

The role of specific dietary factors in breast cancer causation is not completely resolved. Results from prospective studies do not support the concept that fat intake in middle life has a major relation to breast cancer risk. However, weight gain in middle life contributes substantially to breast cancer risk. Alcohol is the best established dietary risk factor, probably by increasing endogenous estrogen levels. Hypotheses relating diet during youth to risk decades later will be difficult to test. Nevertheless, available evidence is strong that breast cancer risk can be reduced by avoiding weight gain during adult years, and by limiting alcohol consumption.

[1]  A. Alberg,et al.  Prospective study of carotenoids, tocopherols, and retinoid concentrations and the risk of breast cancer. , 2002, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[2]  Soy, isoflavones, and breast cancer risk in Japan. , 2003, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[3]  A. Whittemore,et al.  Dietary fat and breast cancer: where are we? , 1993, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[4]  A. Howell,et al.  Two-week dietary soy supplementation has an estrogenic effect on normal premenopausal breast. , 1999, The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism.

[5]  W. Willett,et al.  Plasma folate, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, homocysteine, and risk of breast cancer. , 2003, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[6]  H. Bush,et al.  Breast Cancer Research , 1978, British Journal of Cancer.

[7]  L. Vatten,et al.  Coffee consumption and the risk of breast cancer. A prospective study of 14,593 Norwegian women. , 1990, British Journal of Cancer.

[8]  K. Pirke,et al.  Cyclic ovarian function in recreational athletes. , 1990, Journal of applied physiology.

[9]  H. Anton-Culver,et al.  Recent diet and breast cancer risk: the California Teachers Study (USA) , 2002, Cancer Causes & Control.

[10]  F. Speizer,et al.  Alcohol and breast cancer in women: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. , 1998, JAMA.

[11]  W. Willett,et al.  Diet, body size, and breast cancer. , 1993, Epidemiologic reviews.

[12]  J. Witte,et al.  Diet and premenopausal bilateral breast cancer: A case-control study , 1997, Breast Cancer Research and Treatment.

[13]  W. Willett,et al.  Premenopausal dietary carbohydrate, glycemic index, glycemic load, and fiber in relation to risk of breast cancer. , 2003, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[14]  J. Potter.  Vegetables, fruit, and cancer , 2005, The Lancet.

[15]  R. Goldbohm,et al.  A prospective cohort study on dietary fat and the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer. , 1993, Cancer research.

[16]  L. Kolonel,et al.  Body size at different periods of life and breast cancer risk. , 1988, American journal of epidemiology.

[17]  J. Cerhan,et al.  Well-done meat intake and the risk of breast cancer. , 1998, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[18]  R. Ziegler,et al.  Breast cancer risk assessed by anthropometry in the NHANES I epidemiological follow-up study. , 1988, Cancer research.

[19]  Ames,et al.  Cohort studies of fat intake and the risk of breast cancer--a pooled analysis. , 2000 .

[20]  J. Potter,et al.  Vegetables, fruit, and cancer. II. Mechanisms , 1991, Cancer Causes & Control.

[21]  L. Holmberg,et al.  Dietary antioxidant vitamins, retinol, and breast cancer incidence in a cohort of Swedish women , 2001, International journal of cancer.

[22]  R. Peto,et al.  Diet life-style and mortality in China: a study of the characteristics of 65 Chinese counties. , 1990 .

[23]  J. Freudenheim,et al.  Diet in the epidemiology of postmenopausal breast cancer in the New York State Cohort. , 1992, American journal of epidemiology.

[24]  R. Goldbohm,et al.  Vitamins C and E, retinol, beta-carotene and dietary fibre in relation to breast cancer risk: a prospective cohort study. , 1997, British Journal of Cancer.

[25]  C. la Vecchia,et al.  Coffee consumption and the risk of breast cancer. , 1986, Surgery.

[26]  G. Maskarinec,et al.  An investigation of soy intake and mammographic characteristics in Hawaii , 2001, Breast Cancer Research.

[27]  J. Manson,et al.  Adolescent body mass index and infertility caused by ovulatory disorder. , 1994, American journal of obstetrics and gynecology.

[28]  W. Willett,et al.  Weight change and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer (United States) , 2000, Cancer Causes & Control.

[29]  M. Pb,et al.  Modulation of tumor incidence and possible mechanisms of inhibition of mammary carcinogenesis by dietary antioxidants. , 1983 .

[30]  J. Potter,et al.  Soyfood intake during adolescence and subsequent risk of breast cancer among Chinese women. , 2001, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[31]  G. Skrinar,et al.  Induction of menstrual disorders by strenuous exercise in untrained women. , 1985, The New England journal of medicine.

[32]  R. Goldbohm,et al.  Toenail selenium levels and the risk of breast cancer. , 1994, American journal of epidemiology.

[33]  E. Cook,et al.  Premenopausal dietary carbohydrate, glycemic index, glycemic load, and fiber in relation to risk of breast cancer , 2005 .

[34]  Harri Vainio,et al.  Weight control and physical activity in cancer prevention , 2002, Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity.

[35]  P. Buell.  Changing incidence of breast cancer in Japanese-American women. , 1973, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[36]  T. Sellers,et al.  Dietary fat and postmenopausal breast cancer. , 1992, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[37]  M. Kulldorff,et al.  Dietary fat, fat subtypes, and breast cancer in postmenopausal women: a prospective cohort study. , 2000, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[38]  D. Grobbee,et al.  Dietary phytoestrogens and breast cancer risk. , 2004, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[39]  J R Marshall,et al.  Pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies on height, weight, and breast cancer risk. , 2000, American journal of epidemiology.

[40]  L. Garfinkel,et al.  Mortality among California Seventh-Day Adventists for selected cancer sites. , 1980, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[41]  T. Sellers,et al.  No association between caffeine intake and postmenopausal breast cancer incidence in the Iowa Women's Health Study. , 1993, American journal of epidemiology.

[42]  R. Barbieri,et al.  The Effect of Acute Ethanol Ingestion on Estrogen Levels in Postmenopausal Women Using Transdermal Estradiol , 1995, The Journal of the Society for Gynecologic Investigation: JSGI.

[43]  C. Bouchard,et al.  Dietary and Physical Determinants of Menarche , 1990, Epidemiology.

[44]  A. Miller,et al.  No association among total dietary fiber, fiber fractions, and risk of breast cancer. , 2002, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[45]  C. Rock,et al.  Can lifestyle modification increase survival in women diagnosed with breast cancer? , 2002, The Journal of nutrition.

[46]  A. Miller,et al.  Dietary carotenoids and risk of breast cancer. , 2002, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[47]  M. Katan.  Biochemical indicators of dietary intake. , 1998 .

[48]  G A Colditz,et al.  A prospective study of folate intake and the risk of breast cancer. , 1999, JAMA.

[49]  R. Westendorp,et al.  Alcohol consumption and mortality among women. , 1995, The New England journal of medicine.

[50]  R. Prentice,et al.  Dietary fat and breast cancer , 1993 .

[51]  C. D. HAAGENSEN,et al.  Diseases of the Breast , 1972 .

[52]  L. Vatten,et al.  Body height and risk of breast cancer. A prospective study of 23,831 Norwegian women. , 1990, British Journal of Cancer.

[53]  John D. Potter,et al.  Food, nutrition and the prevention of cancer : a global perspective , 2001 .

[54]  N. Day,et al.  Dietary effects on breast-cancer risk in Singapore , 1991, The Lancet.

[55]  D Spiegelman,et al.  Menstrual cycle characteristics and history of ovulatory infertility in relation to breast cancer risk in a large cohort of US women. , 1998, American journal of epidemiology.

[56]  G. Fraser,et al.  Dietary habits and breast cancer incidence among seventh‐day adventists , 1989, Cancer.

[57]  W. Willett,et al.  Dietary fat and breast cancer. , 1991, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[58]  J. Manson,et al.  Dietary glycemic load assessed by food-frequency questionnaire in relation to plasma high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol and fasting plasma triacylglycerols in postmenopausal women. , 2001, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[59]  S. Tretli,et al.  Lifestyle changes during adolescence and risk of breast cancer: an ecologic study of the effect of World War II in Norway , 1996, Cancer Causes & Control.

[60]  W. Willett,et al.  A prospective study of selenium status and breast cancer risk. , 1990, JAMA.

[61]  A. Miller,et al.  Dietary folate consumption and breast cancer risk. , 2000, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[62]  H. Boeing,et al.  Dietary fat and sports activity as determinants for age at menarche. , 1993, American journal of epidemiology.

[63]  E Riboli,et al.  Serum carotenoids and breast cancer. , 2001, American journal of epidemiology.

[64]  J. Cerhan,et al.  Dietary Folate Intake, Alcohol, and Risk of Breast Cancer in a Prospective Study of Postmenopausal Women , 2001, Epidemiology.

[65]  L. Vatten,et al.  Prospective study of height, body mass index and risk of breast cancer. , 1992, Acta oncologica.

[66]  S. Cummings,et al.  Body mass index, serum sex hormones, and breast cancer risk in postmenopausal women. , 2003, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[67]  J. Samet,et al.  Associations of weight, weight change, and body mass with breast cancer risk in Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women. , 2002, Annals of epidemiology.

[68]  J. Manson,et al.  Dietary fat and fiber in relation to risk of breast cancer. An 8-year follow-up. , 1992, JAMA.

[69]  W. Willett,et al.  Adolescent diet and risk of breast cancer , 2003, Breast Cancer Research.

[70]  R. Hoover,et al.  Diet during adolescence and risk of breast cancer among young women. , 1998, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[71]  V. Beral,et al.  Soya foods and breast cancer risk: a prospective study in Hiroshima and Nagasaki, Japan , 1999, British Journal of Cancer.

[72]  P. Taylor,et al.  Effects of alcohol consumption on plasma and urinary hormone concentrations in premenopausal women. , 1993, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[73]  B. Modan,et al.  Dietary factors and risk of breast cancer: combined analysis of 12 case-control studies. , 1990, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[74]  J. Manson,et al.  A comparison of prospective and retrospective assessments of diet in the study of breast cancer. , 1993, American journal of epidemiology.

[75]  T. Sellers,et al.  Early body size and subsequent weight again as predictors of breast cancer incidence (Iowa, United States) , 1995, Cancer Causes & Control.

[76]  F. Speizer,et al.  Intake of fruits and vegetables and risk of breast cancer: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. , 2001, JAMA.

[77]  L. Holmberg,et al.  A prospective study of association of monounsaturated fat and other types of fat with risk of breast cancer. , 1998, Archives of internal medicine.

[78]  M. Pike,et al.  Adolescent and adult soy intake and risk of breast cancer in Asian-Americans. , 2002, Carcinogenesis.

[79]  L. Kinlen.  MEAT AND FAT CONSUMPTION AND CANCER MORTALITY: A STUDY OF STRICT RELIGIOUS ORDERS IN BRITAIN , 1982, The Lancet.

[80]  E. Riboli,et al.  Consumption of Meat, Animal Products, Protein, and Fat and Risk of Breast Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study in New York , 1994, Epidemiology.

[81]  W. Willett,et al.  Dietary carbohydrates, fiber, and breast cancer risk. , 2004, American journal of epidemiology.

[82]  B. Henderson,et al.  Risk factors for breast cancer in Chinese women in Shanghai. , 1988, Cancer research.

[83]  W. Willett,et al.  Types of dietary fat and breast cancer: A pooled analysis of cohort studies , 2001, International journal of cancer.

[84]  M. Berger,et al.  Comparison between the effects of dietary fat level and of calorie intake on methylnitrosourea‐induced mammary carcinogenesis in female sd rats , 1987, International journal of cancer.

[85]  C. Ip.  Quantitative assessment of fat and calorie as risk factors in mammary carcinogenesis in an experimental model. , 1990, Progress in clinical and biological research.

[86]  J. Freudenheim,et al.  Nutritional epidemiology of postmenopausal breast cancer in western New York. , 1991, American journal of epidemiology.

[87]  M Parpinel,et al.  Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load, and breast cancer risk: a case-control study. , 2001, Annals of oncology : official journal of the European Society for Medical Oncology.

[88]  C. Ip,et al.  The Chemopreventive Role of Selenium in Carcinogenesis , 1986, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology.

[89]  D. Grobbee,et al.  Breast cancer risk after caloric restriction during the 1944-1945 Dutch famine. , 2004, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[90]  Richard Doll,et al.  Environmental factors and cancer incidence and mortality in different countries, with special reference to dietary practices , 1975, International journal of cancer.

[91]  M. Nestle.  Epidemiologists' Paradise Diet, Life-Style, and Mortality in China: A Study of the Characteristics of 65 Chinese Counties Chen Junshi T. Colin Campbell Li Junyao Richard Peto , 1991 .

[92]  B. Henderson,et al.  Diet and breast cancer in Shanghai and Tianjin, China. , 1995, British Journal of Cancer.

[93]  A. Miller,et al.  A cohort study of fat intake and risk of breast cancer. , 1991, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[94]  G A Colditz,et al.  Dietary carotenoids and vitamins A, C, and E and risk of breast cancer. , 1999, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[95]  G A Colditz,et al.  Association of dietary intake of fat and fatty acids with risk of breast cancer. , 1999, JAMA.

[96]  P. Raven,et al.  Child, Adolescent and Family Refugee Mental Health: A Global Perspective , 1996 .

[97]  W. Willett,et al.  Premenopausal fat intake and risk of breast cancer. , 2003, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[98]  G A Colditz,et al.  Dual effects of weight and weight gain on breast cancer risk. , 1997, JAMA.

[99]  R. Chlebowski,et al.  The scope of nutrition intervention trials with cancer‐related endpoints , 1994, Cancer.

[100]  M. D. Lond..  Norman Swift Plummer. , 1978, Lancet.

[101]  J. Manson,et al.  Relation between a diet with a high glycemic load and plasma concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein in middle-aged women. , 2002, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[102]  Emily White,et al.  Obesity, body size, and risk of postmenopausal breast cancer: the Women's Health Initiative (United States) , 2002, Cancer Causes & Control.

[103]  F. Hu,et al.  A prospective study of major dietary patterns and the risk of breast cancer. , 2001, Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology.

[104]  JoAnn E. Manson,et al.  Design of the Women's Health Initiative clinical trial and observational study. The Women's Health Initiative Study Group. , 1998, Controlled clinical trials.

[105]  W. Willett,et al.  Meat and dairy food consumption and breast cancer: a pooled analysis of cohort studies. , 2002, International journal of epidemiology.

[106]  C. Friedenreich,et al.  Dietary fiber, vitamins A, C, and E, and risk of breast cancer: a cohort study , 2004, Cancer Causes & Control.

[107]  A. Howell,et al.  Effects of soy-protein supplementation on epithelial proliferation in the histologically normal human breast. , 1998, The American journal of clinical nutrition.

[108]  P. McCay,et al.  Modulation of tumor incidence and possible mechanisms of inhibition of mammary carcinogenesis by dietary antioxidants. , 1983, Cancer research.

[109]  R. Prentice,et al.  Measurement error and results from analytic epidemiology: dietary fat and breast cancer. , 1996, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[110]  G A Colditz,et al.  Alcohol, height, and adiposity in relation to estrogen and prolactin levels in postmenopausal women. , 1995, Journal of the National Cancer Institute.

[111]  T. Sellers,et al.  Intake of vitamins A, C, and E and postmenopausal breast cancer. The Iowa Women's Health Study. , 1996, American journal of epidemiology.

[112]  G. Berglund,et al.  Intakes of plant foods, fibre and fat and risk of breast cancer – a prospective study in the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort , 2004, British Journal of Cancer.