Design and Implementation of High-Quality Physical Unclonable Functions for Hardware-Oriented Cryptography

Physical Unclonable Functions have emerged as effective primitives for varieties of security applications. With the advent of mobile computing, designing and implementing high-quality PUFs for resource-constrained platforms become a great challenge. This chapter presents an extensive review of the techniques proposed in the recent years for the design and implementation of high-quality and/or alternative PUF instances with marginal overhead. With a preamble of the motivations, fundamentals, quality metrics and application scenarios of PUF, some existing approaches to improving the quality of PUFs are unfolded. Subsequently, some representative PUF designs for RFIDs and fingerprint extractions are illustrated. In addition, applications for true random number generation based on PUF instances are delineated. Finally, two emerging types of PUF implementations that can be used for more advanced protocols are presented. The practices summarized in this chapter aim to help the engineers and researchers in the hardware security community to design and implement PUFs that suit their applications and constraints.

[1]  Stephen A. Benton,et al.  Physical one-way functions , 2001 .

[2]  Elaine B. Barker,et al.  A Statistical Test Suite for Random and Pseudorandom Number Generators for Cryptographic Applications , 2000 .

[3]  Derek Abbott,et al.  Random numbers from metastability and thermal noise , 2005 .

[4]  Miodrag Potkonjak,et al.  The bidirectional polyomino partitioned PPUF as a hardware security primitive , 2013, 2013 IEEE Global Conference on Signal and Information Processing.

[5]  Ulrich Rührmair,et al.  SIMPL Systems, or: Can We Design Cryptographic Hardware without Secret Key Information? , 2011, SOFSEM.

[6]  Yonghwan Kim,et al.  PUF-based Encryption Processor for the RFID Systems , 2010, 2010 10th IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology.

[7]  Elena Dubrova,et al.  Ring oscillator physical unclonable function with multi level supply voltages , 2012, 2012 IEEE 30th International Conference on Computer Design (ICCD).

[8]  Ulrich Rührmair,et al.  SIMPL Systems as a Keyless Cryptographic and Security Primitive , 2012, Cryptography and Security.

[9]  Berk Sunar,et al.  A Provably Secure True Random Number Generator with Built-In Tolerance to Active Attacks , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Computers.

[10]  Said Hamdioui,et al.  Adapting voltage ramp-up time for temperature noise reduction on memory-based PUFs , 2013, 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust (HOST).

[11]  Ken Mai,et al.  A High Reliability PUF Using Hot Carrier Injection Based Response Reinforcement , 2013, CHES.

[12]  Frank Sehnke,et al.  On the Foundations of Physical Unclonable Functions , 2009, IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch..

[13]  Miodrag Potkonjak,et al.  Techniques for Design and Implementation of Secure Reconfigurable PUFs , 2009, TRETS.

[14]  Chip-Hong Chang,et al.  PCKGen: A Phase Change Memory based cryptographic key generator , 2013, 2013 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS2013).

[15]  Blaise L. P. Gassend,et al.  Physical random functions , 2003 .

[16]  P. Farrell,et al.  Essentials of Error-control Coding , 2006 .

[17]  Philip Heng Wai Leong,et al.  High performance physical random number generator , 2007, IET Comput. Digit. Tech..

[18]  Reinhard Posch.  Protecting Devices by Active Coating , 1998, J. Univers. Comput. Sci..

[19]  Ken Mai,et al.  Reliability enhancement of bi-stable PUFs in 65nm bulk CMOS , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Symposium on Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust.

[20]  Alexander A. Ivaniuk,et al.  The use of physical unclonable functions for true random number sequences generation , 2013, Automatic Control and Computer Sciences.

[21]  Daniel E. Holcomb,et al.  Power-Up SRAM State as an Identifying Fingerprint and Source of True Random Numbers , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Computers.

[22]  Miodrag Potkonjak,et al.  Matched public PUF: Ultra low energy security platform , 2011, IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design.

[23]  Ulrich Rührmair,et al.  Circuit-Based Approaches to Simpl Systems , 2011, J. Circuits Syst. Comput..

[24]  Miodrag Potkonjak,et al.  Differential public physically unclonable functions: Architecture and applications , 2011, 2011 48th ACM/EDAC/IEEE Design Automation Conference (DAC).

[25]  Takeshi Fujino,et al.  The arbiter-PUF with high uniqueness utilizing novel arbiter circuit with Delay-Time Measurement , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Symposium of Circuits and Systems (ISCAS).

[26]  J.-L. Danger,et al.  High speed true random number generator based on open loop structures in FPGAs , 2009, Microelectron. J..

[27]  Srinivas Devadas,et al.  Silicon physical random functions , 2002, CCS '02.

[28]  Miodrag Potkonjak,et al.  Hardware security strategies exploiting nanoelectronic circuits , 2013, 2013 18th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC).

[29]  Ying Su,et al.  A Digital 1.6 pJ/bit Chip Identification Circuit Using Process Variations , 2008, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[30]  Srinivas Devadas,et al.  Controlled physical random functions , 2002 .

[31]  Sviatoslav Voloshynovskiy,et al.  Fast physical object identification based on unclonable features and soft fingerprinting , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing (ICASSP).

[32]  Ali Sadr,et al.  Physical Unclonable Function (PUF) Based Random Number Generator , 2012, ArXiv.

[33]  Salih Ergün,et al.  A high speed IC Random Number Generator based on phase noise in ring oscillators , 2010, ISCAS.

[34]  Kris Gaj,et al.  A Configurable Ring-Oscillator-Based PUF for Xilinx FPGAs , 2011, 2011 14th Euromicro Conference on Digital System Design.

[35]  M. Drutarovsky,et al.  Hardware platform for testing performance of TRNGs embedded in actel fusion FPGA , 2008, 2008 18th International Conference Radioelektronika.

[36]  Marten van Dijk,et al.  A technique to build a secret key in integrated circuits for identification and authentication applications , 2004, 2004 Symposium on VLSI Circuits. Digest of Technical Papers (IEEE Cat. No.04CH37525).

[37]  Jarrod A. Roy,et al.  Ending Piracy of Integrated Circuits , 2010, Computer.

[38]  Wolfgang Pribyl,et al.  A microcontroller SRAM-PUF , 2011, 2011 5th International Conference on Network and System Security.

[39]  David Blaauw,et al.  Statistical Timing Analysis for Intra-Die Process Variations with Spatial Correlations , 2003, ICCAD 2003.

[40]  Li Dejun,et al.  Research of True Random Number Generator Based on PLL at FPGA , 2012 .

[41]  G. Edward Suh,et al.  Aegis: A Single-Chip Secure Processor , 2007, IEEE Des. Test Comput..

[42]  Jorge Castiñeira Moreira,et al.  Essentials of Error-Control Coding: Castiñeira Moreira/Essentials of Error-Control Coding , 2006 .

[43]  Y. Hori,et al.  Performance evaluation of the first commercial PUF-embedded RFID , 2012, The 1st IEEE Global Conference on Consumer Electronics 2012.

[44]  Mikko Lehtonen,et al.  From Identification to Authentication – A Review of RFID Product Authentication Techniques , 2008 .

[45]  Joseph Zambreno,et al.  Preventing IC Piracy Using Reconfigurable Logic Barriers , 2010, IEEE Design & Test of Computers.

[46]  Vincent van der Leest,et al.  Logically reconfigurable PUFs: memory-based secure key storage , 2011, STC '11.

[47]  Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi,et al.  Recyclable PUFs: logically reconfigurable PUFs , 2011, Journal of Cryptographic Engineering.

[48]  Akashi Satoh,et al.  Quantitative and Statistical Performance Evaluation of Arbiter Physical Unclonable Functions on FPGAs , 2010, 2010 International Conference on Reconfigurable Computing and FPGAs.

[49]  D. Xu,et al.  Attribute based salient image extrema detection algorithm , 2005 .

[50]  Leyla Nazhandali,et al.  Feedback Based Supply Voltage Control for Temperature Variation Tolerant PUFs , 2011, 2011 24th Internatioal Conference on VLSI Design.

[51]  Ulrich Rührmair,et al.  SIMPL Systems: On a Public Key Variant of Physical Unclonable Functions , 2009, IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch..

[52]  Shunsuke Okumura,et al.  A physical unclonable function chip exploiting load transistors' variation in SRAM bitcells , 2013, 2013 18th Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC).

[53]  Ahmad-Reza Sadeghi,et al.  Reconfigurable Physical Unclonable Functions - Enabling technology for tamper-resistant storage , 2009, 2009 IEEE International Workshop on Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust.

[54]  Chip-Hong Chang,et al.  Highly reliable memory-based Physical Unclonable Function using Spin-Transfer Torque MRAM , 2014, 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS).

[55]  Shu Lin,et al.  Error control coding : fundamentals and applications , 1983 .

[56]  Tony Tae-Hyoung Kim,et al.  Design of SRAM PUF with improved uniformity and reliability utilizing device aging effect , 2014, 2014 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS).

[57]  Ulrich Rührmair,et al.  Towards Electrical, Integrated Implementations of SIMPL Systems , 2010, IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch..

[58]  xuehui zhang.  On-chip Structures and Techniques to Improve the Security, Trustworthiness and Reliability of Integrated Circuits , 2013 .

[59]  Mario Konijnenburg,et al.  Evaluation of 90nm 6T-SRAM as Physical Unclonable Function for secure key generation in wireless sensor nodes , 2011, 2011 IEEE International Symposium of Circuits and Systems (ISCAS).

[60]  Miodrag Potkonjak,et al.  Hardware-Based Public-Key Cryptography with Public Physically Unclonable Functions , 2009, Information Hiding.

[61]  Chip-Hong Chang,et al.  Exploiting Process Variations and Programming Sensitivity of Phase Change Memory for Reconfigurable Physical Unclonable Functions , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security.

[62]  Sattar Mirzakuchaki,et al.  ON DESIGN OF PUF-BASED RANDOM NUMBER GENERATORS , 2011 .

[63]  Farinaz Koushanfar,et al.  Integrated circuits metering for piracy protection and digital rights management: an overview , 2011, GLSVLSI '11.

[64]  Richard W. Hamming,et al.  Error detecting and error correcting codes , 1950 .

[65]  Jacob Savir,et al.  Built In Test for VLSI: Pseudorandom Techniques , 1987 .

[66]  Gang Qu,et al.  Temperature-aware cooperative ring oscillator PUF , 2009, 2009 IEEE International Workshop on Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust.

[67]  Boris Skoric,et al.  Security with Noisy Data: Private Biometrics, Secure Key Storage and Anti-Counterfeiting , 2007 .

[68]  Ulrich Rührmair,et al.  An Attack on PUF-Based Session Key Exchange and a Hardware-Based Countermeasure: Erasable PUFs , 2011, Financial Cryptography.

[69]  Ingrid Verbauwhede,et al.  Experimental evaluation of Physically Unclonable Functions in 65 nm CMOS , 2012, 2012 Proceedings of the ESSCIRC (ESSCIRC).

[70]  Patrick Schaumont,et al.  Improving the quality of a Physical Unclonable Function using configurable Ring Oscillators , 2009, 2009 International Conference on Field Programmable Logic and Applications.

[71]  Kris Gaj,et al.  An embedded true random number generator for FPGAs , 2004, FPGA '04.

[72]  Qiang Xu,et al.  An FPGA Chip Identification Generator Using Configurable Ring Oscillators , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems.

[73]  E.Y. Lam,et al.  FPGA-based High-speed True Random Number Generator for Cryptographic Applications , 2006, TENCON 2006 - 2006 IEEE Region 10 Conference.

[74]  Liang Lu,et al.  Reconfigurable system-on-a-chip motion estimation architecture for multi-standard video coding , 2010, IET Comput. Digit. Tech..

[75]  Srinivas Devadas,et al.  Secure and robust error correction for physical unclonable functions , 2010, IEEE Design & Test of Computers.

[76]  Abhranil Maiti,et al.  Physical unclonable function and true random number generator: a compact and scalable implementation , 2009, GLSVLSI '09.

[77]  Jorge Guajardo,et al.  Extended abstract: The butterfly PUF protecting IP on every FPGA , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Workshop on Hardware-Oriented Security and Trust.

[78]  P. Lugli,et al.  Analog circuits for physical cryptography , 2009, Proceedings of the 2009 12th International Symposium on Integrated Circuits.

[79]  Mark Mohammad Tehranipoor,et al.  A zero-overhead IC identification technique using clock sweeping and path delay analysis , 2012, GLSVLSI '12.