Recent Progress of Biomedical Processor SoC for Wearable Healthcare Application: A Review

This paper surveys advances in biomedical processor SoC technology for healthcare application and reviews state-of-the-art architecture and circuits used in SoC integration. Particularly, this paper categorizes and describes techniques for improving power efficiency in communication, computation, and sensing. Additionally, it surveys accuracy enhancement techniques for bio-signal measurement and recognition. Finally, we have discussed the potential new directions for development as well as research. key words: healthcare, low-power, SoC, wearable

[1]  Seulki Lee,et al.  A 3.9 mW 25-Electrode Reconfigured Sensor for Wearable Cardiac Monitoring System , 2011, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[2]  Masatoshi Sekine,et al.  Non-contact heart rate detection using periodic variation in Doppler frequency , 2011, 2011 IEEE Sensors Applications Symposium.

[3]  Daibashish Gangopadhyay,et al.  Compressed Sensing Analog Front-End for Bio-Sensor Applications , 2014, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[4]  Ghaïs El Zein,et al.  Feasibility study for non-contact heartbeat detection at 2.4 GHz and 60 GHz , 2008 .

[5]  Shintaro Izumi,et al.  A 15-μA metabolic equivalents monitoring system using adaptive acceleration sampling and normally off computing , 2016, 2016 IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Circuits and Systems (ICECS).

[6]  Rajarshi Gupta,et al.  Improving Photoplethysmographic Measurements Under Motion Artifacts Using Artificial Neural Network for Personal Healthcare , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[7]  Refet Firat Yazicioglu,et al.  A Configurable and Low-Power Mixed Signal SoC for Portable ECG Monitoring Applications , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.

[8]  Yonina C. Eldar,et al.  Compressed Sensing with Coherent and Redundant Dictionaries , 2010, ArXiv.

[9]  Paul S. Addison,et al.  Continuous Wavelet Transform Modulus Maxima Analysis of the Electrocardiogram: Beat Characterisation and Beat-to-Beat Measurement , 2005, Int. J. Wavelets Multiresolution Inf. Process..

[10]  Pei-Yun Tsai,et al.  Matrix-Inversion-Free Compressed Sensing With Variable Orthogonal Multi-Matching Pursuit Based on Prior Information for ECG Signals , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.

[11]  Brian P. Otis,et al.  A single-chip encrypted wireless 12-lead ECG smart shirt for continuous health monitoring , 2014, 2014 Symposium on VLSI Circuits Digest of Technical Papers.

[12]  Willis J. Tompkins,et al.  A Real-Time QRS Detection Algorithm , 1985, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[13]  C. Scheffer,et al.  Application of Laser Doppler Vibrometery for human heart auscultation , 2014, 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[14]  Shuenn-Yuh Lee,et al.  Implementation of a Wireless ECG Acquisition SoC for IEEE 802.15.4 (ZigBee) Applications , 2015, IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics.

[15]  Refet Firat Yazicioglu,et al.  A 345 µW Multi-Sensor Biomedical SoC With Bio-Impedance, 3-Channel ECG, Motion Artifact Reduction, and Integrated DSP , 2015, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[16]  Shintaro Izumi,et al.  Non-contact biometric identification and authentication using microwave Doppler sensor , 2017, 2017 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS).

[17]  Adrian D. C. Chan,et al.  False Alarm Reduction in Atrial Fibrillation Detection Using Deep Belief Networks , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[18]  Shintaro Izumi,et al.  A 11.3-µA Physical Activity Monitoring System Using Acceleration and Heart Rate , 2018, IEICE transactions on electronics.

[19]  C. Li,et al.  Detection of ECG characteristic points using wavelet transforms. , 1995, IEEE transactions on bio-medical engineering.

[20]  E. Adashi,et al.  Noncommunicable Diseases , 2015, Seminars in Reproductive Medicine.

[21]  Fan Zhang,et al.  A Batteryless 19 $\mu$W MICS/ISM-Band Energy Harvesting Body Sensor Node SoC for ExG Applications , 2013, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[22]  Refet Firat Yazicioglu,et al.  ECG Signal Compression and Classification Algorithm With Quad Level Vector for ECG Holter System , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine.

[23]  Yuji Yano,et al.  A 5-ms Error, 22-μA Photoplethysmography Sensor using Current Integration Circuit and Correlated Double Sampling , 2018, 2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC).

[24]  A. Upton,et al.  Heart rate variability (HRV) signal analysis : clinical applications , 2012 .

[25]  Shintaro Izumi,et al.  A metabolic equivalents estimation algorithm using triaxial accelerometer and adaptive sampling for wearable devices , 2017, 2017 IEEE Life Sciences Conference (LSC).

[26]  Ye Li,et al.  Multiscaled Fusion of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Screening Atrial Fibrillation From Single Lead Short ECG Recordings , 2018, IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics.

[27]  Hannu Tenhunen,et al.  Bio-Patch Design and Implementation Based on a Low-Power System-on-Chip and Paper-Based Inkjet Printing Technology , 2012, IEEE Transactions on Information Technology in Biomedicine.

[28]  Basabi Bhaumik,et al.  An ultra low power ECG signal processor design for cardiovascular disease detection , 2015, 2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC).

[29]  Charles Sodini,et al.  A Low-Power, Dual-Wavelength Photoplethysmogram (PPG) SoC With Static and Time-Varying Interferer Removal , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.

[30]  Hiroshi Nakajima,et al.  A Wearable Healthcare System With a 13.7 $\mu$ A Noise Tolerant ECG Processor , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.

[31]  Ilangko Balasingham,et al.  Radio-frequency energy harvesting for wearable sensors. , 2015, Healthcare technology letters.

[32]  P. Sasikala,et al.  Identification of Individuals using Electrocardiogram , 2010 .

[33]  M. Jetté,et al.  Metabolic equivalents (METS) in exercise testing, exercise prescription, and evaluation of functional capacity , 1990, Clinical cardiology.

[34]  Ondrej Kovac,et al.  Ultra-wearable capacitive coupled and common electrode-free ECG monitoring system , 2012, 2012 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[35]  Shintaro Izumi,et al.  Estimating metabolic equivalents for activities in daily life using acceleration and heart rate in wearable devices , 2018, Biomedical engineering online.

[36]  Marcia A. Gangemi.  PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF HEART DISEASE: A COLLABORATIVE PROJECT OF MEDICAL STUDENTS AND FACULTY. , 1995 .

[37]  Zhe Zhang,et al.  A 2.89 $\mu $ W Dry-Electrode Enabled Clockless Wireless ECG SoC for Wearable Applications , 2016, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[38]  Man-Wai Mak,et al.  Deep neural networks versus support vector machines for ECG arrhythmia classification , 2017, 2017 IEEE International Conference on Multimedia & Expo Workshops (ICMEW).

[39]  A.N. Willson,et al.  A power-scalable reconfigurable FFT/IFFT IC based on a multi-processor ring , 2006, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[40]  Refet Firat Yazicioglu,et al.  A Multi(bio)sensor Acquisition System With Integrated Processor, Power Management, $8 \times 8$ LED Drivers, and Simultaneously Synchronized ECG, BIO-Z, GSR, and Two PPG Readouts , 2016, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[41]  Yong Lian,et al.  A 0.7-V 17.4-/spl mu/W 3-Lead Wireless ECG SoC , 2013, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.

[42]  Xuan Zeng,et al.  A Machine Learning-Empowered System for Long-Term Motion-Tolerant Wearable Monitoring of Blood Pressure and Heart Rate With Ear-ECG/PPG , 2017, IEEE Access.

[43]  Yingchieh Ho,et al.  A 48.6-to-105.2 µW Machine Learning Assisted Cardiac Sensor SoC for Mobile Healthcare Applications , 2014, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[44]  Basabi Bhaumik,et al.  An Energy Efficient ECG Signal Processor Detecting Cardiovascular Diseases on Smartphone , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.

[45]  Pedro Amorim,et al.  Development of a system for the automatic detection of air embolism using a precordial Doppler , 2014, 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[46]  Yong Lian,et al.  An ECG-on-Chip With 535 nW/Channel Integrated Lossless Data Compressor for Wireless Sensors , 2014, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[47]  Xuan Zeng,et al.  HeartID: A Multiresolution Convolutional Neural Network for ECG-Based Biometric Human Identification in Smart Health Applications , 2017, IEEE Access.

[48]  Dejan Markovic,et al.  A 0.78mW/cm2 autonomous thermoelectric energy-harvester for biomedical sensors , 2015, 2015 Symposium on VLSI Circuits (VLSI Circuits).

[49]  H.L. Chan,et al.  Heartbeat Detection Using Energy Thresholding and Template Match , 2005, 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference.

[50]  Ray-Jade Chen,et al.  A 48.6-to-105.2µW machine-learning assisted cardiac sensor SoC for mobile healthcare monitoring , 2013, 2013 Symposium on VLSI Circuits.

[51]  Shintaro Izumi,et al.  Sampling Rate Reduction for Wearable Heart Rate Variability Monitoring , 2018, 2018 IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS).

[52]  Shintaro Izumi,et al.  Physical activity group classification algorithm using triaxial acceleration and heart rate , 2015, 2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC).

[53]  Man-Wai Mak,et al.  Towards End-to-End ECG Classification With Raw Signal Extraction and Deep Neural Networks , 2019, IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics.

[54]  Mario Konijnenburg,et al.  A 36μW reconfigurable analog front-end IC for multimodal vital signs monitoring , 2017, 2017 Symposium on VLSI Circuits.

[55]  Shintaro Izumi,et al.  Hardware Implementation of Autoregressive Model Estimation Using Burg’s Method for Low-Energy Spectral Analysis , 2018, 2018 IEEE International Workshop on Signal Processing Systems (SiPS).

[56]  Yoshinobu Ichida,et al.  Highly Reliable Non-volatile Logic Circuit Technology and Its Application , 2014 .

[57]  Hiroshi Nakajima,et al.  A 6.14µA normally-off ECG-SoC with noise tolerant heart rate extractor for wearable healthcare systems , 2014, 2014 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS) Proceedings.

[58]  Can Baris Top,et al.  Harmonic Motion Microwave Doppler Imaging method for breast tumor detection , 2014, 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[59]  Shintaro Izumi,et al.  Capacitively coupled ECG sensor system with digitally assisted noise cancellation for wearable application , 2017, 2017 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS).

[60]  J. Huisken,et al.  Low-power robust beat detection in ambulatory cardiac monitoring , 2009, 2009 IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference.

[61]  Mahdi Shabany,et al.  Cuffless Blood Pressure Estimation Algorithms for Continuous Health-Care Monitoring , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[62]  Yoshimoto Masahiko,et al.  A 2.4 pJ Ferroelectric-Based Non-Volatile Flip-Flop with 10-Year Data Retention Capability , 2015 .

[63]  Chia-Hsiang Yang,et al.  A 12.6MW 573-2,901KS/S Reconfigurable Processor for Reconstruction of Compressively-Sensed Phvsiological Signals , 2018, 2018 IEEE Symposium on VLSI Circuits.

[64]  Syunji Yazaki,et al.  Evaluation of activity level of daily life based on heart rate and acceleration , 2010, Proceedings of SICE Annual Conference 2010.

[65]  Toshiyo Tamura,et al.  Wearable Photoplethysmographic Sensors—Past and Present , 2014 .

[66]  Julien Penders,et al.  Robust beat detector for ambulatory cardiac monitoring , 2009, 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[67]  Ray-Jade Chen,et al.  A micropower biomedical signal processor for mobile healthcare applications , 2011, IEEE Asian Solid-State Circuits Conference 2011.

[68]  Jihoon Kim,et al.  Low-Power Photoplethysmogram Acquisition Integrated Circuit with Robust Light Interference Compensation , 2015, Sensors.

[69]  Ray-Jade Chen,et al.  A sub-100µW multi-functional cardiac signal processor for mobile healthcare applications , 2012, 2012 Symposium on VLSI Circuits (VLSIC).

[70]  Refet Firat Yazicioglu,et al.  A low power ECG signal processor for ambulatory arrhythmia monitoring system , 2010, 2010 Symposium on VLSI Circuits.

[71]  Y. Oshima,et al.  Classifying household and locomotive activities using a triaxial accelerometer. , 2010, Gait & posture.

[72]  T. Hui Teo,et al.  A 700-$\mu$ W Wireless Sensor Node SoC for Continuous Real-Time Health Monitoring , 2010, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[73]  Atila Alvandpour,et al.  Design and evaluation of a capacitively coupled sensor readout circuit, toward contact-less ECG and EEG , 2010, 2010 Biomedical Circuits and Systems Conference (BioCAS).

[74]  An-Yeu Wu,et al.  A 232-to-1996KS/s robust compressive-sensing reconstruction engine for real-time physiological signals monitoring , 2018, 2018 IEEE International Solid - State Circuits Conference - (ISSCC).

[75]  Atsushi Mase,et al.  Measurement of heart rate variability and stress evaluation by using microwave reflectometric vital signal sensing. , 2010, The Review of scientific instruments.

[76]  Shintaro Izumi,et al.  A 19-μA metabolic equivalents monitoring SoC using adaptive sampling , 2017, 2017 22nd Asia and South Pacific Design Automation Conference (ASP-DAC).

[77]  Chia-Hsiang Yang,et al.  A 1.9MW SVM Processor with On-Chip Active Learning for Epileptic Seizure Control , 2018, 2018 IEEE Symposium on VLSI Circuits.

[78]  Khashayar Khorasani,et al.  Deep Convolutional Neural Networks and Learning ECG Features for Screening Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Patients , 2018, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems.

[79]  Shintaro Izumi,et al.  Noise Tolerant Heart Rate Extraction Algorithm Using Short-Term Autocorrelation for Wearable Healthcare Systems , 2015, IEICE Trans. Inf. Syst..

[80]  A. Chandrakasan,et al.  A 180-mV subthreshold FFT processor using a minimum energy design methodology , 2005, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[81]  Wen Li,et al.  A Sub-60- $\mu \text{A}$ Multimodal Smart Biosensing SoC With >80-dB SNR, 35- $\mu \text{A}$ Photoplethysmography Signal Chain , 2017, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[82]  Yuan-Ting Zhang,et al.  A Low-Power CMOS Front-End for Photoplethysmographic Signal Acquisition With Robust DC Photocurrent Rejection , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.

[83]  J. M. Spyers-Ashby,et al.  A comparison of fast fourier transform (FFT) and autoregressive (AR) spectral estimation techniques for the analysis of tremor data , 1998, Journal of Neuroscience Methods.

[84]  David Blaauw,et al.  An Injectable 64 nW ECG Mixed-Signal SoC in 65 nm for Arrhythmia Monitoring , 2015, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[85]  Panayiotis A. Kyriacou,et al.  Comparison of methods for determining pulse arrival time from Doppler and photoplethysmography signals , 2014, 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[86]  Chris Van Hoof,et al.  A 400GΩ Input-Impedance, 220MVpp Linear-Input-Range, 2.8Vpp CM-Interference-Tolerant Active Electrode for Non-Contact Capacitively Coupled ECG Acquisition , 2018, 2018 IEEE Symposium on VLSI Circuits.

[87]  Jaeha Kim,et al.  A 2.5-V, 160-μJ-output piezoelectric energy harvester and power management IC for batteryless wireless switch (BWS) applications , 2015, 2015 Symposium on VLSI Circuits (VLSI Circuits).

[88]  Refet Firat Yazicioglu,et al.  A 172 $\mu$W Compressively Sampled Photoplethysmographic (PPG) Readout ASIC With Heart Rate Estimation Directly From Compressively Sampled Data , 2017, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.

[89]  Peter Xiaoping Liu,et al.  Secondary Peak Detection of PPG Signal for Continuous Cuffless Arterial Blood Pressure Measurement , 2014, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[90]  John R. Hampton,et al.  The ECG Made Easy , 1973 .

[91]  Koen Vos.  A Fast Implementation of Burg's Method , 2013 .

[92]  Can Baris Top,et al.  Data acquisition system for Harmonic Motion Microwave Doppler Imaging , 2014, 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[93]  Y. Oshima,et al.  Real-time estimation of daily physical activity intensity by a triaxial accelerometer and a gravity-removal classification algorithm. , 2011, The British journal of nutrition.

[94]  Yu Cao,et al.  A 1.06 μW smart ECG processor in 65 nm CMOS for real-time biometrie authentication and personal cardiac monitoring , 2019, 2017 Symposium on VLSI Circuits.

[95]  Dejan Markovic,et al.  Power and Area Minimization of Reconfigurable FFT Processors: A 3GPP-LTE Example , 2012, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits.

[96]  M Hogaki,et al.  An adaptive correlation ratemeter: a new method for Doppler fetal heart rate measurements. , 1978, Ultrasonics.

[97]  Shuo Li,et al.  An Automatic Cardiac Arrhythmia Classification System With Wearable Electrocardiogram , 2018, IEEE Access.

[98]  Fan Zhang,et al.  A batteryless 19μW MICS/ISM-band energy harvesting body area sensor node SoC , 2012, 2012 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference.

[99]  Peng Zeng,et al.  Kinetic Energy Harvesting Using Piezoelectric and Electromagnetic Technologies—State of the Art , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics.

[100]  Toshiyo Tamura,et al.  A Chair–Based Unobtrusive Cuffless Blood Pressure Monitoring System Based on Pulse Arrival Time , 2017, IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics.

[101]  Hyunggon Park,et al.  ECG Authentication System Design Based on Signal Analysis in Mobile and Wearable Devices , 2016, IEEE Signal Processing Letters.

[102]  G. Wagner.  Marriott's Practical Electrocardiography , 1994 .

[103]  Pablo Laguna,et al.  A wavelet-based ECG delineator: evaluation on standard databases , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[104]  Riccardo Rovatti,et al.  Hardware-Algorithms Co-Design and Implementation of an Analog-to-Information Converter for Biosignals Based on Compressed Sensing , 2016, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.

[105]  Hiroshi Nakajima,et al.  Normally Off ECG SoC With Non-Volatile MCU and Noise Tolerant Heartbeat Detector , 2015, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Circuits and Systems.