Volume Rendering

A technique for rendering images of volumes containing mixtures of materials is presented. The shading model allows both the interior of a material and the boundary between materials to be colored. Image projection is performed by simulating the absorption of light along the ray path to the eye. The algorithms used are designed to avoid artifacts caused by aliasing and quantization and can be efficiently implemented on an image computer. Images from a variety of applications are shown.

[1]  John Amanatides,et al.  A Fast Voxel Traversal Algorithm for Ray Tracing , 1987, Eurographics.

[2]  H. K. Huang,et al.  THREAD (three-dimensional reconstruction and display) with biomedical applications in neuron ultrastructure and computerized tomography , 1976, AFIPS '76.

[3]  David F. Rogers,et al.  Procedural Elements for Computer Graphics , 1984 .

[4]  Alvy Ray Smith,et al.  3-D transformations of images in scanline order , 1980, SIGGRAPH '80.

[5]  Michael L. V. Pitteway Algorithm for drawing ellipses or hyperbolae with a digital plotter , 1967, Comput. J..

[6]  R. J. Schalko Digital Image Processing and Computer Vision , 1989 .

[7]  D. Speray,et al.  Volume probes: interactive data exploration on arbitrary grids , 1990 .

[8]  Takayuki Tanaka,et al.  ARTS: Accelerated Ray-Tracing System , 1986, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.

[9]  Steven W. Zucker,et al.  A Three-Dimensional Edge Operator , 1981, IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence.

[10]  Donald P. Greenberg,et al.  Computer generated images for medical applications , 1978, SIGGRAPH.

[11]  Jayaram K. Udupa,et al.  Display Of Three-Dimensional Discrete Surfaces , 1981, Other Conferences.

[12]  R. Bernstein,et al.  Shading 3D-Images from CT Using Gray-Level Gradients , 1986, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[13]  Henry Fuchs,et al.  Optimal surface reconstruction from planar contours , 1977, SIGGRAPH.

[14]  Heang K. Tuy,et al.  Direct 2-D display of 3-D objects , 1984, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.

[15]  Jules Bloomenthal,et al.  Polygonization of implicit surfaces , 1988, Comput. Aided Geom. Des..

[16]  Kalyan Dutta,et al.  Digital Perspective Correction For Cylindrical Holographic Stereograms , 1983, Optics & Photonics.

[17]  James T. Kajiya,et al.  Ray tracing volume densities , 1984, SIGGRAPH.

[18]  Robert L. Cook,et al.  A Reflectance Model for Computer Graphics , 1987, TOGS.

[19]  Victor T. Tom,et al.  Adaptive Filter Techniques For Digital Image Enhancement , 1985, Photonics West - Lasers and Applications in Science and Engineering.

[20]  W. Lorensen,et al.  Two algorithms for the three-dimensional reconstruction of tomograms. , 1988, Medical physics.

[21]  Eric Keppel,et al.  Approximating Complex Surfaces by Triangulation of Contour Lines , 1975, IBM J. Res. Dev..

[22]  Pat Hanrahan,et al.  Ray tracing on a connection machine , 1988, ICS '88.

[23]  Marc Levoy,et al.  Display of surfaces from volume data , 1988, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.

[24]  Lee Westover,et al.  Footprint evaluation for volume rendering , 1990, SIGGRAPH.

[25]  Paul E. Johnson,et al.  Spectral mixture modeling: A new analysis of rock and soil types at the Viking Lander 1 Site , 1986 .

[26]  Alan Norton,et al.  Generation and display of geometric fractals in 3-D , 1982, SIGGRAPH.

[27]  D Magid,et al.  Acetabular fractures: optimal imaging. , 1987, Radiology.

[28]  Lee Westover,et al.  Interactive volume rendering , 1989, VVS '89.

[29]  Michael W. Vannier,et al.  Three dimensional computer graphics for craniofacial surgical planning and evaluation , 1983, SIGGRAPH.

[30]  Dan Gordon,et al.  Back-to-Front Display of Voxel Based Objects , 1985, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.

[31]  Matthew Jondrow A Survey of Animation Related Implicit Surface Papers , .

[32]  Steven K. Feiner,et al.  Computer graphics: principles and practice (2nd ed.) , 1990 .

[33]  Tom Duff,et al.  Compositing digital images , 1984, SIGGRAPH.

[34]  Dipl.-Ing,et al.  Real-time Rendering , 2022 .

[35]  G. Herman,et al.  Three-dimensional display of human organs from computed tomograms , 1979 .

[36]  R Bernstein,et al.  Combined surface display and reformatting for the three-dimensional analysis of tomographic data. , 1987, Investigative radiology.

[37]  William E. Lorensen,et al.  Marching cubes: A high resolution 3D surface construction algorithm , 1987, SIGGRAPH.

[38]  Thomas W. Sederberg,et al.  Conversion of complex contour line definitions into polygonal element mosaics , 1978, SIGGRAPH.

[39]  Solomon Eyal Shimony,et al.  3D scan-conversion algorithms for voxel-based graphics , 1987, I3D '86.

[40]  R. Anthony Reynolds,et al.  Image space shading of three-dimensional objects , 1985 .

[41]  Jack Bryant,et al.  Display of discrete 3D binary objects: I-Shading , 1989, Comput. Graph..

[42]  Thomas J. Wright,et al.  ISOSRF—an algorithm for plotting Iso-valued surfaces of a function of three variables , 1979, SIGGRAPH.

[43]  NortonAlan Generation and display of geometric fractals in 3-D , 1982 .

[44]  Jayaram K. Udupa,et al.  Surface Shading in the Cuberille Environment , 1985, IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications.

[45]  Bui Tuong Phong Illuminat~on for computer generated images , 1973 .

[46]  Marc Levoy,et al.  Efficient ray tracing of volume data , 1990, TOGS.

[47]  Arie E. Kaufman,et al.  An Algorithm for 3D Scan-Conversion of Polygons , 1987, Eurographics.

[48]  D Magid,et al.  Volumetric rendering techniques: applications for three-dimensional imaging of the hip. , 1987, Radiology.

[49]  Jorge Herbert de Lira,et al.  Two-Dimensional Signal and Image Processing , 1989 .

[50]  James F. Blinn,et al.  Light reflection functions for simulation of clouds and dusty surfaces , 1982, SIGGRAPH.

[51]  Henry Fuchs,et al.  Optimal surface reconstruction from planar contours , 1977, CACM.

[52]  Jack Bresenham,et al.  Algorithm for computer control of a digital plotter , 1965, IBM Syst. J..

[53]  Craig Upson,et al.  V-buffer: visible volume rendering , 1988, SIGGRAPH.

[54]  S. Ganapathy,et al.  A new general triangulation method for planar contours , 1982, SIGGRAPH.

[55]  Bui Tuong Phong Illumination for computer generated pictures , 1975, Commun. ACM.