Semantic Representations of Agent Plans and Planning Problem Domains

Integrating knowledge representation approaches with agent programming and automated planning is still an open research challenge. To explore the combination of those techniques, we present a semantic model of planning domains that can be converted to both agent programming plans as well as planning problem definitions. Our approach allows the representation of agent plans using ontologies, enabling the integration of different formalisms since the knowledge in the ontology can be reused by several systems and applications. Ontologies enable the use of semantic reasoning in planning and agent systems, and such semantic web technologies are significant current research trends. This paper presents our planning ontology, exemplify its use with an instantiation, and shows how to translate between ontology, agent code, and planning specifications. Algorithms to convert between these formalisms are shown, and we also discuss future directions towards the integration of semantic representation, automated planning, and agent programming.

[1]  Martin J. O'Connor,et al.  SQWRL: A Query Language for OWL , 2009, OWLED.

[2]  Walter Van de Velde,et al.  Agents Breaking Away , 1996, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[3]  Hector Muñoz-Avila,et al.  SHOP: Simple Hierarchical Ordered Planner , 1999, IJCAI.

[4]  Sean Bechhofer,et al.  The OWL API: A Java API for OWL ontologies , 2011, Semantic Web.

[5]  Anand S. Rao,et al.  AgentSpeak(L): BDI Agents Speak Out in a Logical Computable Language , 1996, MAAMAW.

[6]  Yarden Katz,et al.  Pellet: A practical OWL-DL reasoner , 2007, J. Web Semant..

[7]  Franz Baader Description Logics , 2009, Reasoning Web.

[8]  Dana S. Nau,et al.  SHOP2: An HTN Planning System , 2003, J. Artif. Intell. Res..

[9]  Okhtay Ilghami Documentation for JSHOP2 , 2006 .

[10]  H. Lan,et al.  SWRL : A semantic Web rule language combining OWL and ruleML , 2004 .

[11]  Bijan Parsia,et al.  Planning for Semantic Web Services , 2004, SWS@ISWC.

[12]  James A. Hendler,et al.  HTN planning for Web Service composition using SHOP2 , 2004, J. Web Semant..

[13]  Álvaro F. Moreira,et al.  Agent-Oriented Programming with Underlying Ontological Reasoning , 2005, DALT.

[14]  Andrea Omicini,et al.  Declarative Agent Languages and Technologies III , 2005, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[15]  James A. Hendler,et al.  Information Gathering During Planning for Web Service Composition , 2004, SEMWEB.

[16]  Ian Horrocks,et al.  OWL Web Ontology Language Reference-W3C Recommen-dation , 2004 .

[17]  James A. Hendler,et al.  HTN Planning: Complexity and Expressivity , 1994, AAAI.

[18]  Enrico Motta,et al.  An ontological formalisation of the planning task , 2004 .

[19]  L. Stein,et al.  OWL Web Ontology Language - Reference , 2004 .

[20]  Michael Wooldridge,et al.  Programming Multi-Agent Systems in AgentSpeak using Jason (Wiley Series in Agent Technology) , 2007 .

[21]  Thomas R. Gruber,et al.  Toward principles for the design of ontologies used for knowledge sharing? , 1995, Int. J. Hum. Comput. Stud..