Cloud-based design and manufacturing: a network perspective

engineering design processes. Among these models, one of the most widely known is perhaps the one proposed by Pahl and Beitz [42]. It presents a systematic engineering design approach including four core design phases: product planning and clarifying the task, conceptual design, embodiment design, and detail design. Similarly, Ulrich and Eppinger [43] introduce a more refined design process by incorporating prototype testing, refinement, and production ramp-up into the original Pahl and Beitz approach. Since these two well-accepted design approaches were first proposed and later on become common design practice in industry, many