Deep learning–based prediction model of occurrences of major adverse cardiac events during 1-year follow-up after hospital discharge in patients with AMI using knowledge mining

Traditional regression-based approaches do not provide good results in diagnosis and prediction of occurrences of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Therefore, the goal of this paper is to propose a deep learning–based prediction model of occurrence of major adverse cardiac events (MACE) during the 1, 6, 12 month follow-up after hospital admission in acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients using knowledge mining. We used the Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry (KAMIR) dataset, a cardiovascular disease database registered in 52 hospitals in Korea between 1 January, 2005, and 31 December, 2008. Among 14,885 AMI patients, 10,813 subjects in age from 20 to 100 years with the 1-year follow-up traceability without coding errors were finally selected. For our experiment, the training/validation/test dataset split is 60/20/20 by random sampling without replacement. The preliminary deep learning model was first built by applying training and validation datasets and then a new preliminary deep learning model was generated using the best hyperparameters obtained from random hyperparameter grid search. Lastly, the preliminary prediction model of MACE occurrences in AMI patients is evaluated by test dataset. Compared with conventional regression-based models, the performances of machine/deep learning–based prediction models of the MACE occurrence in patients with AMI, including deep neural network (DNN), gradient boosting machine (GBM), and generalized linear model (GLM), are also evaluated through a matrix with sensitivity, specificity, overall accuracy, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC). The prediction results of the MACE occurrence during the 1, 6, and 12-month follow-up in AMI patients were the AUC of DNN (1 M 0.97, 6 M 0.94, 12 M 0.96), GBM (0.96, 0.95, 0.96), and GLM (0.76, 0.67, 0.72) in machine learning–based models as well as GRACE (0.75, 0.72, 0.76) in regression model. Compared with previous models, our deep learning–based prediction models significantly had the accuracy of 95% or higher and outperformed all machine learning and regression-based prediction models. This paper was the first trial of deep learning–based prediction model of the MACE occurrence in AMI clinical data. We found that the proposed prediction model applied different risk factors except the attribute “age” by using knowledge mining and directly used the raw data as input.