Analysis of tree-based multicast routing in wireless sensor networks with varying network metrics

SUMMARY Wireless ad hoc and sensor networks are emerging with advances in electronic device technology, wireless communications and mobile computing with flexible and adaptable features. Routing protocols act as an interface between the lower and higher layers of the network protocol stack. Depending on the size of target nodes, routing techniques are classified into unicast, multicast and broadcast protocols. In this article, we give analysis and performance evaluation of tree-based multicast routing in wireless sensor networks with varying network metrics. Geographic multicast routing (GMR) and its variations are used extensively in sensor networks. Multicast routing protocols considered in the analytical model are GMR, distributed GMR, demand scalable GMR, hierarchical GMR, destination clustering GMR and sink-initiated GMR. Simulations are given with comparative analysis based on varying network metrics such as multicast group size, number of sink nodes, average multicast latency, number of clusters, packet delivery ratio, energy cost ratio and link failure rate. Analytical results indicate that wireless sensor network multicast routing protocols operate on the node structure (such as hierarchical, clustered, distributed, dense and sparse networks) and application specific parameters. Simulations indicate that hierarchical GMR is used for generic multicast applications and that destination clustering GMR and demand scalable GMR are used for distributed multicast applications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

[1]  Shaveta Jain,et al.  A Survey on Multicast Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks , 2014 .

[2]  Lajos Hanzo,et al.  Admission control schemes for 802.11-based multi-hop mobile ad hoc networks: a survey , 2009, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[3]  Natarajan Meghanathan,et al.  Survey and Taxonomy of Unicast Routing Protocols for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks , 2009 .

[4]  K. Selçuk Candan,et al.  GMP: Distributed Geographic Multicast Routing in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2006, 26th IEEE International Conference on Distributed Computing Systems (ICDCS'06).

[5]  Benoît Parrein,et al.  Multipath optimized link state routing for mobile ad hoc networks , 2011, Ad Hoc Networks.

[6]  Alex Zelikovsky,et al.  Improved Steiner tree approximation in graphs , 2000, SODA '00.

[7]  P.M. Ruiz,et al.  Bandwidth-Efficient Geographic Multicast Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2007, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[8]  Ivan Stojmenovic,et al.  Hierarchical geographic multicast routing for wireless sensor networks , 2007, 2007 International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (SENSORCOMM 2007).

[9]  Stefano Basagni,et al.  Mobile Ad Hoc Networking , 2010 .

[10]  Wendi B. Heinzelman,et al.  RBMulticast: Receiver Based Multicast for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2009, 2009 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference.

[11]  Gang Zhao,et al.  Destination Clustering Geographic Multicast forWireless Sensor Networks , 2007, 2007 International Conference on Parallel Processing Workshops (ICPPW 2007).

[12]  Chai-Keong Toh,et al.  ABAM: on-demand associativity-based multicast routing for ad hoc mobile networks , 2000, Vehicular Technology Conference Fall 2000. IEEE VTS Fall VTC2000. 52nd Vehicular Technology Conference (Cat. No.00CH37152).

[13]  José M. Troya,et al.  A survey on quality of service support in wireless sensor and actor networks: Requirements and challenges in the context of critical infrastructure protection , 2011, J. Netw. Comput. Appl..

[14]  Xue Liu,et al.  A survey of multicast routing protocols for mobile Ad-Hoc networks , 2009, IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials.

[15]  Ivan Stojmenovic,et al.  GMR: Geographic Multicast Routing for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2006, 2006 3rd Annual IEEE Communications Society on Sensor and Ad Hoc Communications and Networks.

[16]  M. Bala Krishna,et al.  Performance of Structure Based Multicast Routing Protocols in Wireless Ad hoc Networks , 2010, 2010 10th IEEE International Conference on Computer and Information Technology.

[17]  Himabindu Pucha,et al.  Distributed Hashing for Scalable Multicast in Wireless Ad Hoc Networks , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems.

[18]  Cem Ersoy,et al.  Ad hoc quality of service multicast routing , 2005, Comput. Commun..

[19]  Liang Cheng,et al.  A lightweight approach to mobile multicasting in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2007, Int. J. Ad Hoc Ubiquitous Comput..

[20]  Yuanyuan Yang,et al.  Supporting Efficient and Scalable Multicasting over Mobile Ad Hoc Networks , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing.

[21]  Biswanath Mukherjee,et al.  Wireless sensor network survey , 2008, Comput. Networks.

[22]  Sang-Ha Kim,et al.  Consecutive geographic multicasting protocol in large-scale wireless sensor networks , 2010, 21st Annual IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications.

[23]  Michel Barbeau,et al.  Principles of ad hoc networking , 2007 .

[24]  Emad Qaddoura,et al.  Performance evaluation of multicast ad hoc on-demand distance vector protocol , 2007, Comput. Commun..

[25]  K. Selçuk Candan,et al.  Demand-scalable geographic multicasting in wireless sensor networks , 2007, Comput. Commun..

[26]  Sang-Ha Kim,et al.  Sink-Initiated Geographic Multicasting Protocol in Wireless Sensor Networks , 2010, 2010 24th IEEE International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications.

[27]  Y. C. Tay,et al.  AMRIS: a multicast protocol for ad hoc wireless networks , 1999, MILCOM 1999. IEEE Military Communications. Conference Proceedings (Cat. No.99CH36341).

[28]  Richard Han,et al.  VLM2: A Very Lightweight Mobile Multicast System for Wireless Sensor Networks ; CU-CS-938-02 , 2002 .

[29]  D. Sidhu,et al.  MZR: a multicast protocol for mobile ad hoc networks , 2001, ICC 2001. IEEE International Conference on Communications. Conference Record (Cat. No.01CH37240).

[30]  Rekha Jain,et al.  Wireless Sensor Network -A Survey , 2013 .

[31]  Han Peng,et al.  A Light-Weight Multicast Schema for Wireless Sensor Network with Multi-Sinks , 2006, 2006 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Mobile Computing.

[32]  G. Manimaran,et al.  A case for tree evolution in QoS multicasting , 2006, Comput. Commun..