A Concept of Operations for an Integrated Vehicle Health Assurance System

This document describes a Concept of Operations (ConOps) for an Integrated Vehicle Health Assurance System (IVHAS). This ConOps is associated with the Maintain Vehicle Safety (MVS) between Major Inspections Technical Challenge in the Vehicle Systems Safety Technologies (VSST) Project within National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's) Aviation Safety Program. In particular, this document seeks to describe an integrated system concept for vehicle health assurance that integrates ground-based inspection and repair information with in-flight measurement data for airframe, propulsion, and avionics subsystems. The MVS Technical Challenge intends to maintain vehicle safety between major inspections by developing and demonstrating new integrated health management and failure prevention technologies to assure the integrity of vehicle systems between major inspection intervals and maintain vehicle state awareness during flight. The approach provided by this ConOps is intended to help optimize technology selection and development, as well as allow the initial integration and demonstration of these subsystem technologies over the 5 year span of the VSST program, and serve as a guideline for developing IVHAS technologies under the Aviation Safety Program within the next 5 to 15 years. A long-term vision of IVHAS is provided to describe a basic roadmap for more intelligent and autonomous vehicle systems.

[1]  S. Ya. Yarema,et al.  On the contribution of G. R. Irwin to fracture mechanics , 1996 .

[2]  Gary W. Hunter,et al.  Case Studies in Chemical Sensor Development , 2008 .

[3]  M. Carbonaro,et al.  von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics , 2004 .

[4]  S. Michael Spottswood,et al.  Reengineering Aircraft Structural Life Prediction Using a Digital Twin , 2011 .

[5]  Abhinav Saxena,et al.  Airborne Electro-Mechanical Actuator Test Stand for Development of Prognostic Health Management Systems , 2010 .

[6]  G.E. Ponchak,et al.  High temperature performance of a SiC MESFET based oscillator , 2005, IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest, 2005..

[7]  P. Neudeck,et al.  High-temperature electronics - a role for wide bandgap semiconductors? , 2002, Proc. IEEE.

[8]  George Y. Baaklini,et al.  Intelligent Sensors for Health Management , 2011 .

[9]  S. W. Arms,et al.  Wireless Strain Sensing Networks , 2004 .

[10]  Joseph P. Gallagher,et al.  Threats to Aircraft Structural Safety Including a Compendium of Selected Structural Accidents/Incidents , 2010 .

[11]  K. Keller,et al.  Aircraft electrical power systems prognostics and health management , 2006, 2006 IEEE Aerospace Conference.

[12]  Paula J. Dempsey,et al.  Integrating Oil Debris and Vibration Measurements for Intelligent Machine Health Monitoring. Degree awarded by Toledo Univ., May 2002 , 2003 .

[13]  Gautam Biswas,et al.  A Model-based Prognostics Methodology for Electrolytic Capacitors Based on Electrical Overstress Accelerated Aging , 2011 .

[14]  Jan Osburg,et al.  Advancing Aeronautics: A Decision Framework for Selecting Research Agendas , 2011 .

[15]  Jonathan S. Litt,et al.  User's Guide for the Commercial Modular Aero-Propulsion System Simulation (C-MAPSS) , 2007 .

[16]  S. G. Allison,et al.  Use of 3000 Bragg grating strain sensors distributed on four eight-meter optical fibers during static load tests of a composite structure , 2001 .

[17]  M. Wijesundara,et al.  Silicon Carbide Electronics , 2011 .

[18]  Liang-Yu Chen,et al.  Stable Electrical Operation of 6H–SiC JFETs and ICs for Thousands of Hours at 500 $^{\circ}\hbox{C}$ , 2008, IEEE Electron Device Letters.

[19]  Michael S. Feary A Toolset for Supporting Iterative Human Automation: Interaction in Design , 2010 .

[20]  Abhinav Saxena,et al.  A diagnostic approach for electro-mechanical actuators in aerospace systems , 2009, 2009 IEEE Aerospace conference.

[21]  Haydn A. Thompson Wireless and Internet communications technologies for monitoring and control , 2004 .

[22]  S. G. Allison,et al.  Fiber Optic Bragg Grating Sensors for Thermographic Detection of Subsurface Anomalies , 2009 .

[23]  Gary W. Hunter,et al.  Gas Microsensor Array Development Targeting Enhanced Engine Emissions Testing , 2010 .

[24]  M. A. Thomas Framework for Cohesive Zone Model Based Multiscale Damage Evolution in a Fatigue Environment , 2011 .

[25]  Gary W. Hunter,et al.  Intelligent Chemical Sensor Systems for In-space Safety Applications , 2006 .

[26]  Jan M. Rabaey,et al.  Power Sources for Wireless Sensor Networks , 2004, EWSN.

[27]  Alireza Behbahani,et al.  NEED FOR ROBUST SENSORS FOR INHERENTLY FAIL-SAFE GAS TURBINE ENGINE CONTROLS, MONITORING, AND PROGNOSTICS (POSTPRINT) , 2006 .

[28]  Sanjay Sampath,et al.  Embedded resistive strain sensors for harsh environments , 2006, 2006 IEEE Aerospace Conference.

[29]  Gary W. Hunter,et al.  Development of High Temperature Smart Sensor Systems , 2011 .

[30]  G. P. Sallee Performance deterioration based on existing (historical) data; JT9D jet engine diagnostics program , 1978 .

[31]  Timothy L. Brown,et al.  Distributed Bragg grating sensing technique for test article damage detection and monitoring , 2003, SPIE Smart Structures and Materials + Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring.

[32]  Kevin R. Wheeler,et al.  Shielded-Twisted-Pair Cable Model for Chafe Fault Detection via Time-Domain Reflectometry , 2013 .

[33]  J. R. Sitz,et al.  Flight control system design factors for applying automated testing techniques , 1990, 9th IEEE/AIAA/NASA Conference on Digital Avionics Systems.

[34]  M. Sinnett,et al.  Aero Quarterly Qtr_04 | 07 787 No-bleed Systems: Saving Fuel and Enhancing Operational Efficiencies , 2022 .

[35]  Patrick M. Flanagan,et al.  A Self-Diagnostic System for the M6 Accelerometer , 2001 .

[36]  G. R. Halford,et al.  The role of creep in high temperature low cycle fatigue. , 1971 .

[37]  Wieslaw K. Binienda,et al.  Effects of hygrothermal cycling on the chemical, thermal, and mechanical properties of 862/W epoxy resin , 2012 .

[38]  Paul Ivey,et al.  The New Potential for Joint UK/US Studies in Sensor Technology for HCF Studies in Gas Turbine Aero-Engines , 2002 .

[39]  Meng-Chou Wu,et al.  Structural Health Monitoring Sensor Development at NASA Langley Research Center , 2002 .

[40]  Ryan D. May,et al.  Control Design for a Generic Commercial Aircraft Engine , 2010 .

[41]  Mary S. Reveley,et al.  Systems Analysis of NASA Aviation Safety Program: Final Report , 2013 .

[42]  Jong-Gwan Yook,et al.  Detection and Location of Multiple Wiring Faults via Time–Frequency-Domain Reflectometry , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility.

[43]  G. Ramohalli The Honeywell on-board diagnostic and maintenance system for the Boeing 777 , 1992, [1992] Proceedings IEEE/AIAA 11th Digital Avionics Systems Conference.

[44]  G. E. Ponchak,et al.  High temperature, wireless seismometer sensor for Venus , 2012, 2012 IEEE Topical Conference on Wireless Sensors and Sensor Networks.

[45]  Kenneth B. Amer,et al.  A “New” Philosophy of Structural Reliability, Fail Safe Versus Safe Life—The 1988 Alexander A. Nikolsky Lecture , 1989 .

[46]  Derek R. Miller,et al.  Formation of Minor Phases in a Nickel-Based Disk Superalloy , 2012 .

[47]  David Banaszak,et al.  Antonomous Environmental Definition of C-130 Flap Well Skin Panel , 2005 .

[48]  Donald L. Simon,et al.  Sensor Needs for Control and Health Management of Intelligent Aircraft Engines , 2004 .

[49]  James J. Zakrajsek An investigation of gear mesh failure prediction techniques. M.S. Thesis - Cleveland State Univ. , 1989 .

[50]  T. Gabb,et al.  Effects of Temperature on Failure Modes for a Nickel-Base Disk Superalloy , 2007 .

[51]  R. Reed,et al.  DEVELOPMENT OF HIGH TEMPERATURE CAPABILITY P/M DISK SUPERALLOYS , 2008 .

[52]  T. Dabney,et al.  PHM a key enabler for the JSF autonomic logistics support concept , 2004, 2004 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8720).

[53]  John J. Burken,et al.  Flight test of the X-29A at high angle of attack: Flight dynamics and controls , 1995 .

[54]  Donald Sutherlin Control considerations using a generic ARM seeker , 1976, 1976 IEEE Conference on Decision and Control including the 15th Symposium on Adaptive Processes.

[55]  Eric Gagnon,et al.  Identification of a UAV and Design of a Hardware-in-the-Loop System for Nonlinear Control Purposes , 2005 .

[56]  C. Sudbrack,et al.  Oxidation and the Effects of High Temperature Exposures on Notched Fatigue Life of an Advanced Powder Metallurgy Disk Superalloy , 2012 .

[57]  L. Schneider,et al.  A new capability to detect and locate insulation defects in complex wiring systems , 2005, IEEE Electrical Insulation Magazine.

[58]  K. Goebel,et al.  Prognostics in Battery Health Management , 2008, IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Magazine.

[59]  G P Sallee,et al.  PROPULSION SYSTEM MALFUNCTION PLUS INAPPROPRIATE CREW RESPONSE (PSM+ICR). , 1999 .

[60]  James S. Sirkis,et al.  An Overview of the Fiber Optic Sensing System for Hydrogen Leak Detection in the Space Shuttle Discovery on STS-96 , 1999 .

[61]  Robert S. Okojie Stable 600°C silicon carbide MEMS pressure transducers , 2007, SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing.

[62]  E. Balaban,et al.  Modeling, Detection, and Disambiguation of Sensor Faults for Aerospace Applications , 2009, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[63]  Lance Richards,et al.  Real-time In-Flight Strain and Deflection Monitoring with Fiber Optic Sensors , 2008 .

[64]  R. H. Wulf Engine diagnostics program: CF6-50 engine performance deterioration , 1980 .

[65]  S Clark,et al.  Engine Damage-Related Propulsion System Malfunctions , 2008 .

[66]  Kevin R. Wheeler,et al.  A Model-Based Probabilistic Inversion Framework for Characterizing Wire Fault Detection Using TDR , 2011, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[67]  C.S. Byington,et al.  A model-based approach to prognostics and health management for flight control actuators , 2004, 2004 IEEE Aerospace Conference Proceedings (IEEE Cat. No.04TH8720).

[68]  Donald L. Simon,et al.  Enhanced Self Tuning On-Board Real-Time Model (eSTORM) for Aircraft Engine Performance Health Tracking , 2008 .

[69]  D. G. Vutetakis,et al.  Determining the state-of-health of maintenance-free aircraft batteries , 1995, Proceedings of the Tenth Annual Battery Conference on Applications and Advances.

[70]  Donald L. Simon,et al.  Optimal Tuner Selection for Kalman Filter-Based Aircraft Engine Performance Estimation , 2009 .

[71]  Link C Jaw,et al.  Aircraft Engine Controls: Design, System Analysis, and Health Monitoring , 2009 .

[72]  C. Furse,et al.  Analysis of spread spectrum time domain reflectometry for wire fault location , 2005, IEEE Sensors Journal.

[73]  D. Hornbach,et al.  DWELL NOTCH LOW CYCLE FATIGUE BEHAVIOR OF A POWDER METALLURGY NICKEL DISK ALLOY , 2012 .

[74]  Nasa,et al.  Aging Aircraft Wiring Fault Detection Survey , 2007 .

[75]  D.C. Cox,et al.  Battery state of health monitoring, combining conductance technology with other measurement parameters for real-time battery performance analysis , 2000, INTELEC. Twenty-Second International Telecommunications Energy Conference (Cat. No.00CH37131).

[76]  Nezih Mrad SHM implementation , 2011, 2011 4th Annual Caneus Fly by Wireless Workshop.

[77]  Alex Chaparro,et al.  HUMAN FACTORS SURVEY OF AVIATION TECHNICAL MANUALS, PHASE 1: MANUAL DEVELOPMENT PROCEDURES. , 2001 .

[78]  Meng-Chou Wu,et al.  High-sensitivity cryogenic temperature sensors using pressurized fiber Bragg gratings , 2006, SPIE Photonics Europe.

[79]  James H. Starnes,et al.  Advanced Durability and Damage Tolerance Design and Analysis Methods for Composite Structures: Lessons Learned from NASA Technology Development Programs , 2003 .

[80]  Donald L. Simon,et al.  An Integrated Architecture for On-Board Aircraft Engine Performance Trend Monitoring and Gas Path Fault Diagnostics , 2010 .

[81]  Richard E. Martin,et al.  A notched coupon approach for tensile testing of braided composites , 2012 .

[82]  A. Hess,et al.  The Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) PHM concept: Potential impact on aging aircraft problems , 2002, Proceedings, IEEE Aerospace Conference.

[83]  John D. Wrbanek,et al.  Thin Film Heat Flux Sensor of Improved Design , 2002 .

[84]  Rodney A. Walker,et al.  UAV Avionics "Hardware in the Loop" Simulator , 2003 .

[85]  Ten-Huei Guo,et al.  Risk Management for Intelligent Fast Engine Response Control , 2009 .

[86]  S. Roundy Energy Scavenging for Wireless Sensor Nodes with a Focus on Vibration-to-Electricity Conversion , 2003 .

[87]  Joel R. Sitz F-18 Systems Research Aircraft Facility , 1992 .

[88]  Trindel A. Maine,et al.  Manual Manipulation of Engine Throttles for Emergency Flight Control , 2013 .

[89]  Gary W. Hunter,et al.  An Overview of Wide Bandgap SiC Sensor and Electronics Development at NASA Glenn Research Center , 2007 .

[90]  Alireza Behbahani,et al.  A Brief Review of the Need for Robust Smart Wireless Sensor Systems for Future Propulsion Systems, Distributed Engine Controls, and Propulsion Health Management , 2012 .

[91]  David L. Doel,et al.  TEMPER - A gas-path analysis tool for commercial jet engines , 1992 .

[92]  Ten-Huei Guo,et al.  The Case for Intelligent Propulsion Control for Fast Engine Response , 2009 .

[93]  L. Sterling Intelligent Systems , 1993, Springer US.

[94]  G. Ponchak,et al.  Development of High Temperature Wireless Sensor Technology Based on Silicon Carbide Electronics , 2010 .

[95]  George Studor,et al.  Structural Health Monitoring of the Space Shuttle's Wing Leading Edge , 2006 .

[96]  John J. Coy,et al.  Gear Noise, Vibration, and Diagnostic Studies at NASA Lewis Research Center , 1990 .

[97]  W.C. Wilson,et al.  Passive wireless SAW sensors for IVHM , 2008, 2008 IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium.

[98]  N. Sottos,et al.  Autonomic healing of polymer composites , 2001, Nature.

[99]  Ten-Huei Guo,et al.  Resilient Propulsion Control Research for the NASA Integrated Resilient Aircraft Control (IRAC) Project , 2007 .

[100]  Gary W. Hunter,et al.  Microfabricated Chemical Sensors for Aerospace Applications , 2002 .

[101]  B. Aktepe,et al.  Review of fatigue monitoring of agile military aircraft , 2000 .

[102]  Bruce Wood,et al.  Aircraft Propulsion Health Management , 2011 .

[103]  Gustave C. Fralick,et al.  Advances in Thin Film Thermocouple Durability Under High Temperature and Pressure Testing Conditions , 1999 .

[104]  Robert F. Handschuh,et al.  Transmission Diagnostic Research at NASA Lewis Research Center. , 1995 .

[105]  Philip G. Neudeck,et al.  SiC Technology , 2000, The VLSI Handbook.

[106]  Ryan D. May,et al.  Implementation of Enhanced Propulsion Control Modes for Emergency Flight Operation , 2011 .

[107]  Karla S. Shy,et al.  The Role of Aircraft Simulation in Improving Flight Safety Through Control Training , 2002 .

[108]  Roger D. Meredith,et al.  Fabrication and Testing of 6H-SiC JFETs for Prolonged 500 °C Operation in Air Ambient , 2008 .