Clostridium-difficile-Infektionen (CDI) im Wandel der Zeit – ein Thema nur für den Internisten?

Zusammenfassung Hintergrund: Toxinbildende Clostridium-(C.)-difficile-Stämme sind weltweit die häufigsten Erreger von antibiotikaassoziierten Darmerkrankungen und nosokomialer Diarrhö. In den letzten 10 Jahren wurde ein kontinuierlicher Inzidenzanstieg von C.-difficile-Infektionen (CDI) beobachtet. Material und Methoden: Mit klinischen und mikrobiologischen Originaldaten der Jahre 2002–2012 aus den Universitätskliniken Leipzig und Halle (Saale) weisen die Autoren auf die aktuelle Situation hinsichtlich CDI in den Bundesländern Sachsen und Sachsen-Anhalt hin und stellen die neuesten Entwicklungen bezüglich Inzidenz, Resistenzsituation, Diagnostik und Therapie von CDI sowie die Indikationen für eine chirurgische Intervention dar. Ergebnisse: Dem allgemeinen Trend entsprechend, ist auch an den Universitätskliniken Leipzig und Halle (Saale) ein Inzidenzanstieg von CDI, insbesondere von schweren klinischen Verlaufsformen, zu verzeichnen. Die Vermeidung von CDI stellt in erster Linie eine Herausforderung an das Hygienemanagement dar und erfordert einen gezielten, zurückhaltenden Einsatz von Antibiotika, möglichst in Form sogenannter „Antibiotic Stewardship“-Programme. Das neue Antibiotikum Fidaxomicin hat Ende 2012 das bislang vor allem aus Metronidazol oder Vancomycin bestehende therapeutische Armamentarium bezüglich CDI bereichert und vermag die Rezidivquote zu senken. Die Wiederherstellung einer Eubiose im Kolon von rezidivierenden CDI betroffener Patienten mittels Stuhltransplantation von gesunden Spendern stellt eine hochwirksame Alternative zur antibiotischen Therapie dar. Chirurgischer Standardeingriff bei therapierefraktärer CDI ist die subtotale Kolektomie mit endständigem Ileostoma. Bei Patienten mit adäquater Lebenserwartung und ohne Organversagen kann ein kolonerhaltendes bzw. -sparendes Verfahren erwogen werden. Schlussfolgerung: Die Einnahme von Antibiotika bleibt für die meisten Patienten der Hauptrisikofaktor für das Erleiden einer symptomatischen CDI. Mit der Einführung von Fidaxomicin deutet sich eine Verbesserung in der konservativen Therapie von CDI an. Die im Vergleich zur antibiotischen Therapie von CDI bessere Wirksamkeit der Stuhltransplantation von gesunden Spendern gilt inzwischen als ausreichend gesichert, hat bislang aber keinen Eingang in den klinischen Alltag gefunden. Bei ausbleibendem Therapieerfolg muss frühzeitig der Chirurg hinzugezogen werden. Dabei ist die Evidenz für kolonerhaltende bzw. -sparende operative Verfahren bislang leider schmal.

[1]  D. Leffler,et al.  Clostridium difficile infection. , 2015, The New England journal of medicine.

[2]  T. Seufferlein,et al.  Immunsuppressive Behandlung als Risikofaktor für das Auftreten einer Clostridium-difficile-Infektion (CDI) , 2013, Zeitschrift für Gastroenterologie.

[3]  E. Zoetendal,et al.  Duodenal infusion of donor feces for recurrent Clostridium difficile. , 2013, The New England journal of medicine.

[4]  Motasem A. Aldiab,et al.  An evaluation of the impact of antibiotic stewardship on reducing the use of high-risk antibiotics and its effect on the incidence of Clostridium difficile infection in hospital settings. , 2012, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[5]  A. Bhangu,et al.  Systematic review and meta‐analysis of outcomes following emergency surgery for Clostridium difficile colitis , 2012, The British journal of surgery.

[6]  A. Peitzman,et al.  The role of acute care surgery in the treatment of severe, complicated Clostridium difficile–associated disease , 2012, The journal of trauma and acute care surgery.

[7]  E. Carchman,et al.  Novel management strategies in the treatment of severe Clostridium difficile infection. , 2012, Advances in surgery.

[8]  D. Paredes-Sabja,et al.  Adherence of Clostridium difficile spores to Caco-2 cells in culture. , 2012, Journal of medical microbiology.

[9]  O. Dekkers,et al.  Time interval of increased risk for Clostridium difficile infection after exposure to antibiotics. , 2012, The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy.

[10]  A. Lo Vecchio,et al.  Clostridium difficile infection: an update on epidemiology, risk factors, and therapeutic options , 2012, Current opinion in gastroenterology.

[11]  J. Alverdy,et al.  Diverting Loop Ileostomy and Colonic Lavage: An Alternative to Total Abdominal Colectomy for the Treatment of Severe, Complicated Clostridium difficile Associated Disease , 2011, Annals of surgery.

[12]  C. Lübbert Fidaxomicin als Alternative zu Vancomycin bei Clostridium-difficile-Infektion , 2011 .

[13]  Pamela Sears,et al.  Fidaxomicin versus vancomycin for Clostridium difficile infection. , 2011, The New England journal of medicine.

[14]  H. Dupont The search for effective treatment of Clostridium difficile infection. , 2011, The New England journal of medicine.

[15]  E. Kuijper,et al.  Clostridium difficile infection in Europe: a hospital-based survey , 2011, The Lancet.

[16]  E. Gray,et al.  Outcomes of emergency colectomy for fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis. , 2010, The surgeon : journal of the Royal Colleges of Surgeons of Edinburgh and Ireland.

[17]  C. Divino,et al.  Surgical aspects of fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis. , 2010, American journal of surgery.

[18]  Roger Baxter,et al.  Treatment with monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins. , 2010, The New England journal of medicine.

[19]  O. Dekkers,et al.  European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID): data review and recommendations for diagnosing Clostridium difficile-infection (CDI). , 2009, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[20]  J. V. van Dissel,et al.  Clostridium difficile: controversies and approaches to management , 2009, Current opinion in infectious diseases.

[21]  E. Kuijper,et al.  European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID): treatment guidance document for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI). , 2009, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.

[22]  Stuart Johnson Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection: a review of risk factors, treatments, and outcomes. , 2009, The Journal of infection.

[23]  G. Velmahos,et al.  Fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis: patterns of care and predictors of mortality. , 2009, Archives of surgery.

[24]  N. McFadden,et al.  Risk Factors for Mortality Following Emergency Colectomy for Fulminant Clostridium difficile Infection , 2009, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[25]  C. Divino,et al.  Long-Term Follow-Up of Patients with Fulminant Clostridium difficile Colitis , 2009, Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery.

[26]  M. Reeves,et al.  Clinical Review of the Management of Fulminant Clostridium difficile Infection , 2008, The American Journal of Gastroenterology.

[27]  J. Pépin Vancomycin for the treatment of Clostridium difficile Infection: for whom is this expensive bullet really magic? , 2008, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[28]  C. Divino,et al.  Risk factors for the development of fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis. , 2008, Surgery.

[29]  T. Eckmanns,et al.  Clostridium difficile Surveillance Trends, Saxony, Germany , 2008, Emerging Infectious Diseases.

[30]  C. Divino,et al.  Predictors of mortality after colectomy for fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis. , 2008, Archives of Surgery.

[31]  R. Nelson,et al.  Probiotics for treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated colitis in adults. , 2008, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[32]  J. Welch,et al.  Early Surgical Intervention for Fulminant Pseudomembranous Colitis , 2008, The American surgeon.

[33]  R. Town,et al.  Predictors of Clostridium difficile colitis infections in hospitals , 2007, Epidemiology and Infection.

[34]  Melinda B Davis,et al.  A comparison of vancomycin and metronidazole for the treatment of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, stratified by disease severity. , 2007, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[35]  O. Lesur,et al.  Impact of Emergency Colectomy on Survival of Patients With Fulminant Clostridium difficile Colitis During an Epidemic Caused by a Hypervirulent Strain , 2007, Annals of surgery.

[36]  D. Raveh,et al.  Risk factors for Clostridium difficile toxin-positive nosocomial diarrhoea. , 2006, International journal of antimicrobial agents.

[37]  S. Clark,et al.  The outcome of surgery in fulminant Clostridium difficile colitis , 2006, Colorectal disease : the official journal of the Association of Coloproctology of Great Britain and Ireland.

[38]  J. Mazuski,et al.  Outcome After Colectomy for Clostridium Difficile Colitis , 2004, Diseases of the colon and rectum.

[39]  C. Sirio,et al.  Fulminant Clostridium difficile: An Underappreciated and Increasing Cause of Death and Complications , 2002, Annals of surgery.

[40]  C. Pothoulakis,et al.  Genetic deficiency in the chemokine receptor CCR1 protects against acute Clostridium difficile toxin A enteritis in mice. , 2002, Gastroenterology.

[41]  C. Kelly,et al.  Health care costs and mortality associated with nosocomial diarrhea due to Clostridium difficile. , 2002, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[42]  K. Mealy,et al.  Timing of surgery for fulminating pseudomembranous colitis , 1998, The British journal of surgery.

[43]  D. Gerding,et al.  Protein-losing enteropathy is associated with Clostridium difficile diarrhea but not with asymptomatic colonization: a prospective, case-control study. , 1996, Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America.

[44]  A. Price,et al.  CLOSTRIDIUM DIFFICILE AND THE ÆTIOLOGY OF PSEUDOMEMBRANOUS COLITIS , 1978, The Lancet.

[45]  J. Bartlett,et al.  Antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis due to toxin-producing clostridia. , 1978, The New England journal of medicine.

[46]  E. Kuijper,et al.  of the treatment guidance document for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) , 2013 .

[47]  郭俊男 Probiotics for the Prevention of Clostridium difficle- Associated Diarrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysisi , 2013 .

[48]  R. Nelson,et al.  Antibiotic treatment for Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults. , 2007, The Cochrane database of systematic reviews.

[49]  P. Gastmeier,et al.  [Dramatic increase of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in Germany: has the new strain PCR-ribotype 027 already reached us?]. , 2007, Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift.

[50]  E. Kuijper,et al.  Emergence of Clostridium difficile-associated disease in North America and Europe. , 2006, Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases.