History of Conductive Polymers

It is generally recognized that the modern study of electric conduction in conjugatedpolymers began in 1977 with the publication by the group at the University ofPennsylvania [1] describing the doping of polyacetylene. Although there was some priorwork dating back to World War II (see the review by Hush [2]) and even reports ofelectrochemicalsynthesisthenineteenthcentury[3],theNobelCommitteerecognizedtheseminal contribution of Heeger [4], MacDiarmid [5] and Shirakawa [6] by awarding themtheNobelPrizeforChemistryin2000.Shirakawa,whowasbasedattheTokyoInstituteofTechnology,hadbeenvisitingthelabofhiscollaboratorsatPennsylvaniaatthetimeofthebreakthrough research.Thestoryofpolyacetyleneisanexampleofafortunateconfluenceofcircumstancesthatis often under-appreciated in the history of scientific progress. In the 1970s, there wasworldwide interest in the unique properties of materials with such a high degree ofanisotropy that they can be considered one-dimensional (1D) systems. The Pennsylvaniagroup, of which I was privileged to be a member until 1975, was jointly led by a chemist,Tony Garito, and a physicist, Alan Heeger, and was recognized worldwide as a primarycenter for that field.Earlyfocus was onthe studyof charge-transfersalts,in which planar,conjugated,smallmoleculeswerestackedlikepokerchips.ExperimentsrevealedaPeierlstransition [7,8] and suggested the observation of Fro¨lich superconductivity [9,10]. Theemphasis then shifted to linear polymers as chemist, Alan MacDiarmid, entered into a

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