Cys‐scanning mutagenesis: a novel approach to structure—function relationships in polytopic membrane proteins

The entire lactose permease of Escherichia coli, a polytopic membrane transport protein that catalyzes β‐galactoside/H+ symport, has been subjected to Cys‐scanning mutagenesis in order to determine which residues play an obligatory role in the mechanism and to create a library of mutants with a single‐Cys residue at each position of the molecule for structure/function studies. Analysis of the mutants has led to the following: 1) only six amino acid side chains play an irreplaceable role in the transport mechanism; 2) positions where the reactivity of the Cys replacement is increased upon ligand binding are identified; 3) positions where the reactivity of the Cys replacement is decreased by ligand binding are identified; 4) helix packing, helix tilt, and ligand‐induced conformational changes are determined by using the library of mutants in conjunction with a battery of site‐directed techniques; 5) the permease is a highly flexible molecule; and 6) a working model that explains coupling between β‐galactoside and H+ translocation. — Frillingos, S., Sahin‐To´ th, M., Wu, J., Kabac, H. R. Cys‐scanning mutagenesis: a novel approach to structure‐function relationships in polytopic membrane proteins. FASEB J. 12, 1281–1299 (1998)

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