Monolithic 3-D FPGAs This paper investigates the application of 2.5-D and 3-D integrated circuits as a medium for implementing reconfigurable systems.

This paper reviews the recent developments in monolithic 3-D field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). Enabl- ing technologies are covered. Three representative groups of monolithic 3-D FPGAs are discussed: ''normally off, instantly on'' FPGAs, FPGAs with 3-D switches, and FPGAs with 3-D con- figuration memory and pass transistors. The circuit designs and implementations of each group are presented and examined.

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