Recent advances in Doppler radar sensors for pervasive healthcare monitoring

This paper reviews recent advances in technologies using Doppler radar to detect heartbeat and respiration of a human subject. With contributions from many researchers in this field, new detection methods and system architectures have been proposed to improve the detection accuracy and robustness. The advantage of noncontact/covert detection has drawn interests on various applications. While many of the reported systems are bench-top prototypes for concept demonstration, several portable systems and integrated radar chips have been demonstrated. This paper reviews different architectures and discusses their potentials for integrated circuit implementation. Integrating the radar sensor on a chip allows the function of noncontact vital sign and vibration detection to be embedded in portable electronic equipment, like many other radio frequency (RF) devices. A radar sensor network is then feasible for pervasive monitoring in healthcare applications.

[1]  Songcheol Hong,et al.  Two frequency radar sensor for non-contact vital signal monitor , 2008, 2008 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest.

[2]  Ki-Doo Kim,et al.  A new digital signal processor for Doppler radar cardiopulmonary monitoring system , 2008, 2008 International Conference on Electrical and Computer Engineering.

[3]  Tzyy-Sheng Horng,et al.  An injection-locked detector for concurrent spectrum and vital sign sensing , 2010, 2010 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium.

[4]  Carla Benton,et al.  Millimeter wave radar for remote measurement of vital signs , 2009, 2009 IEEE Radar Conference.

[5]  Fang Yang,et al.  Contact-free measurement of heartbeat signal via a doppler radar using adaptive filtering , 2010, 2010 International Conference on Image Analysis and Signal Processing.

[6]  Jiang Long,et al.  Instrument-Based Noncontact Doppler Radar Vital Sign Detection System Using Heterodyne Digital Quadrature Demodulation Architecture , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[7]  Lin Li,et al.  Integrated radar systems for precision monitoring of heartbeat and respiratory status , 2009, 2009 Asia Pacific Microwave Conference.

[8]  Yong Huang,et al.  Microwave life-detection systems for searching human subjects under earthquake rubble or behind barrier , 2000, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[9]  G. El Zein,et al.  Low power microwave systems for heartbeat rate detection at 2.4, 5.8, 10 and 16 GHz , 2008, 2008 First International Symposium on Applied Sciences on Biomedical and Communication Technologies.

[10]  Huey-Ru Chuang,et al.  Automatic clutter-canceler for microwave life-detection systems , 1991 .

[11]  Jiangtao Huangfu,et al.  An instruments-built Doppler radar for sensing vital signs , 2008, 2008 8th International Symposium on Antennas, Propagation and EM Theory.

[12]  Teh-Ho Tao,et al.  UWB radar for patient monitoring , 2008, IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine.

[13]  Changzhi Li,et al.  Verification of a non-contact vital sign monitoring system using an infant simulator , 2009, 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[14]  Anatol Wiesner.  A multifrequency interferometric CW radar for vital signs detection , 2009, 2009 IEEE Radar Conference.

[15]  Changzhi Li,et al.  Software configurable 5.8 GHz radar sensor receiver chip in 0.13 µm CMOS for non-contact vital sign detection , 2009, 2009 IEEE Radio Frequency Integrated Circuits Symposium.

[16]  Ki-Doo Kim,et al.  DSP embeded hardware for non-contact bio-radar heart and respiration rate monitoring system , 2009, 2009 International Conference on Future BioMedical Information Engineering (FBIE).

[17]  Rich Fletcher,et al.  Low-cost differential front-end for Doppler radar vital sign monitoring , 2009, 2009 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest.

[18]  Jenshan Lin,et al.  Optimal Carrier Frequency of Non-contact Vital Sign Detectors , 2007, 2007 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium.

[19]  Changzhi Li,et al.  A 5GHz Double-Sideband Radar Sensor Chip in 0.18 $\mu$m CMOS for Non-Contact Vital Sign Detection , 2008, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components Letters.

[20]  A. Lanata,et al.  Wearable system-on-a-chip UWB radar for contact-less cardiopulmonary monitoring: Present status , 2008, 2008 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[21]  Jenshan Lin,et al.  A microwave radio for Doppler radar sensing of vital signs , 2001, 2001 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Sympsoium Digest (Cat. No.01CH37157).

[22]  A. Cmos,et al.  A 5 GHz Double-Sideband Radar Sensor Chip in 0.18 m CMOS for Non-Contact Vital Sign Detection , 2008 .

[23]  D H Evans,et al.  Compensation for phase and amplitude imbalance in quadrature Doppler signals. , 1996, Ultrasound in medicine & biology.

[24]  O. Boric-Lubecke,et al.  Assessment of Heart Rate Variability and Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia via Doppler Radar , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[25]  Sheng-Fuh Chang,et al.  A fast clutter cancellation method in quadrature doppler radar for noncontact vital signal detection , 2010, 2010 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium.

[26]  Anatol Wiesner.  CW radar based vital signs detection , 2009, 2009 European Microwave Conference (EuMC).

[27]  Victor Lubecke,et al.  Respiratory monitoring using a doppler radar with passive harmonic tags to reduce interference from environmental clutter , 2009, 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[28]  Olga Boric-Lubecke,et al.  Detection of Multiple Heartbeats Using Doppler Radar , 2006, 2006 IEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal Processing Proceedings.

[29]  Victor Lubecke,et al.  A heterodyne receiver for Harmonic Doppler radar cardiopulmonary monitoring with body-worn passive RF tags , 2010, 2010 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium.

[30]  Donald Y.C. Lie,et al.  A 2.4GHz non-contact biosensor system for continuous vital-signs monitoring on a single PCB , 2009, 2009 IEEE 8th International Conference on ASIC.

[31]  E. Graves,et al.  Radar remote monitoring of vital signs , 2009, IEEE Microwave Magazine.

[32]  Marina Ruggieri,et al.  A novel FM-UWB system for vital sign monitoring and its comparison with IR-UWB , 2009, 2009 2nd International Symposium on Applied Sciences in Biomedical and Communication Technologies.

[33]  Jenshan Lin,et al.  Complex signal demodulation and random body movement cancellation techniques for non-contact vital sign detection , 2008, 2008 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest.

[34]  Changzhi Li,et al.  Noise analysis for noncontact vital sign detectors , 2010, 2010 IEEE 11th Annual Wireless and Microwave Technology Conference (WAMICON).

[35]  Jian Li,et al.  Accurate Doppler Radar Noncontact Vital Sign Detection Using the RELAX Algorithm , 2010, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement.

[36]  Changzhi Li,et al.  Random Body Movement Cancellation in Doppler Radar Vital Sign Detection , 2008, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[37]  Gheorghe Zaharia,et al.  Advances in microwave systems for medical applications , 2009, 2009 International Conference on Advances in Computational Tools for Engineering Applications.

[38]  Tzyy-Sheng Horng,et al.  A Novel RF Sensing Circuit Using Injection Locking and Frequency Demodulation for Cognitive Radio Applications , 2009, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[39]  D. Samardzija,et al.  Doppler radar sensing of multiple subjects in single and multiple antenna systems , 2005, TELSIKS 2005 - 2005 uth International Conference on Telecommunication in ModernSatellite, Cable and Broadcasting Services.

[40]  Olga Boric-Lubecke,et al.  DC information preservation for cardiopulmonary monitor utilizing CW doppler radar , 2008, 2008 30th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[41]  Kun-mu Chen,et al.  An X-Band Microwave Life-Detection System , 1986, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[42]  R.R. Fletcher,et al.  Wearable Doppler radar with integrated antenna for patient vital sign monitoring , 2010, 2010 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (RWS).

[43]  James C. Lin,et al.  Microwave sensing of physiological movement and volume change: a review. , 1992, Bioelectromagnetics.

[44]  Olga Boric-Lubecke,et al.  Blind source separation of human body motion using direct conversion Doppler radar , 2008, 2008 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Symposium Digest.

[45]  J.C. Lin.  Noninvasive microwave measurement of respiration , 1975, Proceedings of the IEEE.

[46]  Changzhi Li,et al.  Wireless Non-Contact Detection of Heartbeat and Respiration Using Low-Power Microwave Radar Sensor , 2007, 2007 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference.

[47]  Jenshan Lin,et al.  A Ka-Band Low Power Doppler Radar System for Remote Detection of Cardiopulmonary Motion , 2005, 2005 IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology 27th Annual Conference.

[48]  O. Boric-Lubecke,et al.  Radar cross section of human cardiopulmonary activity for recumbent subject , 2009, 2009 Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society.

[49]  Changzhi Li,et al.  System level integration of handheld wireless non-contact vital sign detectors , 2009, 2009 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium.

[50]  William D. Goodhue,et al.  Terahertz behavior of optical components and common materials , 2006, SPIE Defense + Commercial Sensing.

[51]  M. Loschonsky,et al.  Detection technology for trapped and buried people , 2009, 2009 IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop on Wireless Sensing, Local Positioning, and RFID.

[52]  Gheorghe Zaharia,et al.  Touch-less heartbeat detection and cardiopulmonary modeling , 2009, 2009 2nd International Symposium on Applied Sciences in Biomedical and Communication Technologies.

[53]  Jenshan Lin,et al.  Frequency-tuning technique for remote detection of heartbeat and respiration using low-power double-sideband transmission in the ka-band , 2006, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[54]  Byung-Kwon Park,et al.  Arctangent Demodulation With DC Offset Compensation in Quadrature Doppler Radar Receiver Systems , 2007, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[55]  Jenshan Lin,et al.  Range correlation and I/Q performance benefits in single-chip silicon Doppler radars for noncontact cardiopulmonary monitoring , 2004, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques.

[56]  Jenshan Lin,et al.  0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS and BiCMOS single-chip direct-conversion Doppler radars for remote sensing of vital signs , 2002, 2002 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference. Digest of Technical Papers (Cat. No.02CH37315).