The influence of involuntary facial movements on craniofacial anthropometry: a survey using a three-dimensional photographic system.

In the modern anthropometry of complex structures, such as the face, different technical approaches for acquisition of three-dimensional data have become increasingly more common. Results of meticulous evaluations have shown high degrees of precision and accuracy under both ideal and clinical circumstances. However, the question remains as to which level of accuracy is adequate to meet clinical needs. Apart from the measuring technique itself, potential sources of error must be identified and dealt with. Subjects' involuntary facial movements can potentially influence clinical reliability. The 3dMDface™ system was used clinically to investigate the influence of involuntary facial movements. Other factors of influence were systematically excluded. The mean technical error of the system (0.09mm) was investigated in a previous study and taken into account for interpretation of the data. The handling of the system was straightforward for both acquisition and analysis of data. Including technical error and the influence of involuntary facial movements, the mean global error was 0.41mm (range 0-3.3). Taking into account the technical error of the system known from the previous study, involuntary facial movements account for a mean error of 0.32mm. This range of involuntary facial movements clearly exceeds the known technical error of the three-dimensional photographic system used. Given this finding, future research should shift its focus from the analysis of the technical aspects of such systems to other influential factors.

[1]  S. Holmes,et al.  Evaluation of complex craniomaxillofacial fractures by a new three-dimensional planning system. , 2006, The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery.

[2]  G D Singh,et al.  Digital diagnostics: Three-dimensional modelling. , 2008, The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery.

[3]  F. Hölzle,et al.  Volume-rendered three-dimensional spiral computed tomographic angiography as a planning tool for microsurgical reconstruction in patients who have had operations or radiotherapy for oropharyngeal cancer. , 2007, The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery.

[4]  Mary L Marazita,et al.  Digital Three-Dimensional Photogrammetry: Evaluation of Anthropometric Precision and Accuracy Using a Genex 3D Camera System , 2004, The Cleft palate-craniofacial journal : official publication of the American Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Association.

[5]  C. Hopper,et al.  The role of three-dimensional computed tomographic reconstruction in orthognathic surgery planning. , 1997, The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery.

[6]  Felix Matthews,et al.  Precision and Accuracy of the 3dMD Photogrammetric System in Craniomaxillofacial Application , 2010, The Journal of craniofacial surgery.

[7]  S. Rosén,et al.  Description of a technique for evaluation of three-dimensional shape alterations in soft tissue after intra oral bone reconstruction. , 2007, The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery.

[8]  D. Jimenez.  Craniofacial Anthropometry: Practical Measurement of the Head and Face for Clinical, Surgical and Research Use , 1998 .

[9]  Three-dimensional CT reformations in the assessment of congenital and traumatic cranio-facial deformities. , 1987, The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery.

[10]  A D Linney,et al.  A three-dimensional soft tissue analysis of 16 skeletal class III patients following bimaxillary surgery. , 1992, The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery.

[11]  Chiarella Sforza,et al.  Three-dimensional facial morphometry in skeletal Class III patients. A non-invasive study of soft-tissue changes before and after orthognathic surgery. , 2007, The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery.

[12]  Ron Kikinis,et al.  Comparison of different registration methods for surgical navigation in cranio-maxillofacial surgery. , 2008, Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery.

[13]  G. Swennen,et al.  Reconstruction of orbital wall defects with calcium phosphate cement: clinical and histological findings in a sheep model. , 2007, International journal of oral and maxillofacial surgery.

[14]  R. Richards,et al.  The use of computer-generated three-dimensional models in orbital reconstruction. , 1998, The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery.

[15]  Jay B. West,et al.  The distribution of target registration error in rigid-body point-based registration , 2001, IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging.

[16]  M. Mommaerts,et al.  Standards for digital photography in cranio-maxillo-facial surgery - Part I: Basic views and guidelines. , 2006, Journal of cranio-maxillo-facial surgery : official publication of the European Association for Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery.

[17]  R J Winder,et al.  Technical validation of the Di3D stereophotogrammetry surface imaging system. , 2008, The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery.

[18]  J. Niamtu.  Image Is Everything: Pearls and Pitfalls of Digital Photography and PowerPoint Presentations for the Cosmetic Surgeon , 2004, Dermatologic surgery : official publication for American Society for Dermatologic Surgery [et al.].

[19]  S. Zegura,et al.  A univariate and multivariate examination of measurement error in anthropometry. , 1974, American journal of physical anthropology.

[20]  R Bibb,et al.  The investigation of the changing facial appearance of identical twins employing a three-dimensional laser imaging system. , 2005, Orthodontics & craniofacial research.

[21]  L. Farkas,et al.  Is photogrammetry of the face reliable? , 1980, Plastic and reconstructive surgery.

[22]  W R Fright,et al.  Use of hand-held laser scanning in the assessment of facial swelling: a preliminary study. , 2004, The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery.

[23]  S. Weinberg,et al.  Three-dimensional surface imaging: limitations and considerations from the anthropometric perspective. , 2005, The Journal of craniofacial surgery.

[24]  A F Ayoub,et al.  Validation and reproducibility of a high-resolution three-dimensional facial imaging system. , 2008, The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery.

[25]  W Lill,et al.  Reproducibility of three-dimensional CT-assisted model production in the maxillofacial area. , 1992, The British journal of oral & maxillofacial surgery.