Supramolekulare Synthone für das Kristall‐Engineering ‐ eine neue organische Synthese

Der Kristall einer organischen Verbindung ist die hochste Form eines Supramolekuls, und sein von chemischen und geometrischen Faktoren bestimmter Zusammenbau aus Molekulen ist das perfekte Beispiel fur molekulare Erkennung im festen Zustand. Die supramolekulare Beschreibung einer Kristallstruktur beinhaltet, das die Molekule im Kristall durch nichtkovalente Wechselwirkungen zusammengehalten werden. Die Notwendigkeit fur einen rationalen Zugang zu Festkorpern von grundlegender und praktischer Bedeutung hat zum Entstehen des Kristall-Engineering gefuhrt, bei dem man versucht, die intermolekularen Wechselwirkungen und Erkennungsphanomene im Zusammenhang mit der Kristallpackung zu verstehen. Das Ziel des Kristall-Engineering ist es, auf der Grundlage der intermolekularen Wechselwirkungen zuverlassige Zusammenhange zwischen der molekularen und der supramolekularen Struktur herzustellen, und idealerweise mochte man Substrukturen in einem Zielsupramolekul identifizieren, das aus logisch gewahlten Vorlaufermolekulen zusammengesetzt werden kann. In der Tat ist Kristall-Engineering eine neue Form der organischen Synthese, und es soll in diesem Beitrag gezeigt werden, das Kristall-Engineering nicht nur von nomineller Bedeutung fur die Organische Chemie ist, sondern im Kerngebiet der Organischen Chemie liegt und konzeptionell der traditionellen organischen Synthese uberraschend ahnlich ist. Im Detail unterscheiden sich Kristall-Engineering und organischen Synthese allerdings: Beim Kristall-Engineering spielen intermolekulare Wechselwirkungen und weniger kovalente Bindungen eine Rolle. Im ersten Teil dieses Beitrags wird die Strategie behandelt: Die verwandten Konzepte des Kristall-Engineering und der organischen Synthese werden hervorgehoben und der Begriff supramolekulares Synthon eingefuhrt. Im zweiten Teil steht die Methode im Vordergrund, d. h. die chemischen und geometrischen Eigenschaften der spezifischen intermolekularen Wechselwirkungen.

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