Tremor: clinical features, pathophysiology, and treatment.
暂无分享,去创建一个
[1] J. Rothwell,et al. Arm tremor in cervical dystonia differs from essential tremor and can be classified by onset age and spread of symptoms. , 2001, Brain : a journal of neurology.
[2] O. Hornykiewicz,et al. Globus pallidus dopamine and Parkinson motor subtypes , 2008, Neurology.
[3] R. Elble. Inhibition of forearm EMG by palatal myoclonus , 1991, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[4] M R DeLong,et al. The primate subthalamic nucleus. III. Changes in motor behavior and neuronal activity in the internal pallidum induced by subthalamic inactivation in the MPTP model of parkinsonism. , 1994, Journal of neurophysiology.
[5] S. Goto,et al. Combination of thalamic Vim stimulation and GPi pallidotomy synergistically abolishes Holmes’ tremor , 2004, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry.
[6] A. Obwegeser,et al. Bilateral thalamic deep brain stimulation: midline tremor control , 2005, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry.
[7] R. Elble,et al. CME Practice Parameter : Therapies for essential tremor Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology , 2005 .
[8] R R Young,et al. Physiological tremor enhanced by manoeuvres affecting the segmental stretch reflex. , 1980, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.
[9] G. Deuschl,et al. Involvement of cranial muscles and high intermuscular coherence in orthostatic tremor , 1999, Annals of neurology.
[10] Y. Samson,et al. Peduncular 'Rubral' Tremor and Dopaminergic Denervation , 1995, Neurology.
[11] J Raethjen,et al. Two different pathogenetic mechanisms in psychogenic tremor , 2004, Neurology.
[12] B. Day,et al. A dissociation between subjective and objective unsteadiness in primary orthostatic tremor. , 2001, Brain : a journal of neurology.
[13] M. Hallett,et al. Symptomatic and essential palatal tremor. 2. Differences of palatal movements , 1994, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[14] C. Marsden,et al. Tremor associated with benign IgM paraproteinaemic neuropathy. , 1996, Brain : a journal of neurology.
[15] G. Deuschl,et al. Kinematic analysis of thalamic versus subthalamic neurostimulation in postural and intention tremor. , 2007, Brain : a journal of neurology.
[16] Laurent Vercueil,et al. Clinical analysis in familial cortical myoclonic tremor allows differential diagnosis with essential tremor , 2006, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[17] S. Reich,et al. The Role of the Thalamus and Basal Ganglia in Parkinsonian Tremor , 2008, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[18] T. Mima,et al. Familial cortical myoclonic tremor as a unique form of cortical reflex myoclonus , 1997, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[19] R. Elble,et al. Primary writing tremor. A form of focal dystonia? , 1990, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[20] H. Kwan,et al. Single unit analysis of the human ventral thalamic nuclear group. Tremor-related activity in functionally identified cells. , 1994, Brain : a journal of neurology.
[21] R. Elble,et al. Diagnostic criteria for essential tremor and differential diagnosis. , 2000, Neurology.
[22] M. Harrison,et al. Tremor after head injury and its treatment by stereotaxic surgery. , 1982, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.
[23] W T Thach,et al. The cerebellum and the adaptive coordination of movement. , 1992, Annual review of neuroscience.
[24] R. Elble,et al. Mechanistic components of normal hand tremor. , 1978, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.
[25] F. Sharbrough,et al. Orthostatic tremor: Clinical and electrophysiologic characteristics , 1993, Muscle & nerve.
[26] J. Jankovic,et al. Focal task‐specific tremor and dystonia , 1988, Neurology.
[27] G. Deuschl,et al. Clinical and polymyographic investigation of spasmodic torticollis , 2004, Journal of Neurology.
[28] E. Louis,et al. A single-blind, open-label trial of sodium oxybate for myoclonus and essential tremor , 2005, Neurology.
[29] N. Yanagisawa,et al. Familial dystonia musculorum deformans and tremor. , 1972, Journal of the neurological sciences.
[30] S. Gill,et al. Bilateral stimulation of the caudal zona incerta nucleus for tremor control , 2007, Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry.
[31] D J Brooks,et al. Nigral dysfunction in drug‐induced parkinsonism , 1993, Neurology.
[32] W. T. Thach,et al. Cerebellar outflow lesions: A comparison of movement deficits resulting from lesions at the levels of the cerebellum and thalamus , 1995, Annals of neurology.
[33] J. Matsumoto,et al. Psychogenic tremor: Long term prognosis in patients with electrophysiologically‐confirmed disease , 2009, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[34] W. T. Thach,et al. Activity of muscle spindles, motor cortex and cerebellar nuclei during action tremor , 1984, Brain Research.
[35] H. Freund,et al. The cerebral oscillatory network of parkinsonian resting tremor. , 2003, Brain : a journal of neurology.
[36] Hao Deng,et al. Genetics of essential tremor. , 2007, Brain : a journal of neurology.
[37] P. Thompson. Orthostatic tremor , 1999, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.
[38] R. Llinás,et al. Central motor loop oscillations in parkinsonian resting tremor revealed magnetoencephalography , 1996, Neurology.
[39] S. Felber,et al. Post‐traumatic segmental myoclonus associated with bilateral olivary hypertrophy , 1993, Acta neurologica Scandinavica.
[40] R. King,et al. Chronic demyelinating neuropathy associated with benign IgM paraproteinaemia. , 1983, Brain : a journal of neurology.
[41] R. Elble. Animal Models of Action Tremor , 2008, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[42] E. Oguni,et al. A case of cortical tremor as a variant of cortical reflex myoclonus. , 1995, European neurology.
[43] M. Brin,et al. Consensus Statement of the Movement Disorder Society on Tremor , 2008, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[44] Simon Hong,et al. Inferior olive hypertrophy and cerebellar learning are both needed to explain ocular oscillations in oculopalatal tremor. , 2008, Progress in brain research.
[45] C. Marsden,et al. Trunk and head tremor as isolated manifestations of dystonia , 1990, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[46] G. Deuschl,et al. Thalamic, pallidal, or subthalamic surgery for Parkinson’s disease? , 2000, Journal of Neurology.
[47] Ann M Bacsi,et al. Sway patterns in orthostatic tremor: Impairment of postural control mechanisms , 2005, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[48] A. Schnitzler,et al. Physiological and pathological oscillatory networks in the human motor system , 2006, Journal of Physiology-Paris.
[49] J. Kurtzke,et al. Palatal myoclonus associated with extremity tremor , 1989, Journal of Neurology.
[50] F. Sharbrough,et al. EMG in orthostatic termor , 1987, Neurology.
[51] Gary W Thickbroom,et al. Blinded placebo crossover study of gabapentin in primary orthostatic tremor , 2006, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[52] F. Aichner,et al. Early detection of post-traumatic olivary hypertrophy by MRI , 1993, Journal of Neurology.
[53] D. Hansel,et al. Physiology of MPTP Tremor , 2008, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[54] W. Koller,et al. Tremor-Predominant Parkinson’s Disease , 2000, Drugs & aging.
[55] J. Obeso,et al. Successful thalamic deep brain stimulation for orthostatic tremor , 2008, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[56] P. Thompson,et al. A positron emission tomography study of cerebral activation associated with essential and writing tremor. , 1995, Archives of neurology.
[57] K. Hasuo,et al. Olivary degeneration after cerebellar or brain stem haemorrhage: MRI , 2004, Neuroradiology.
[58] M. Moriguchi,et al. Posteroventral pallidotomy for midbrain tremor after a pontine hemorrhage. Case report. , 1999, Journal of neurosurgery.
[59] G. Deuschl,et al. Corticomuscular coherence in the 6–15 Hz band: is the cortex involved in the generation of physiologic tremor? , 2001, Experimental Brain Research.
[60] E. Nénonéné,et al. Surgical treatment of tremor. , 2011, Disease-a-month : DM.
[61] G. Deuschl,et al. A randomized trial of deep-brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease. , 2006, The New England journal of medicine.
[62] Bettina Schrader,et al. Most effective stimulation site in subthalamic deep brain stimulation for Parkinson's disease , 2004, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[63] R. Bakay,et al. Stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in a patient with Parkinson disease and essential tremor. , 2005, Archives of neurology.
[64] G. Deuschl,et al. Pathophysiology of nonparkinsonian tremors , 2002, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[65] D Meier,et al. Pramipexole in patients with Parkinson's disease and marked drug resistant tremor: a randomised, double blind, placebo controlled multicentre study , 2002, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.
[66] M. Molliver,et al. The Olivocerebellar Projection Mediates Ibogaine-Induced Degeneration of Purkinje Cells: A Model of Indirect, Trans-Synaptic Excitotoxicity , 1997, The Journal of Neuroscience.
[67] L. Findley,et al. Movement Disorders: Tremor , 1984, Palgrave Macmillan UK.
[68] H. Teräväinen,et al. Tremor as a feature of chronic relapsing and dysgammaglobulinemic polyneuropathies. Incidence and management. , 1984, Archives of neurology.
[69] J. Jankovic,et al. Peripherally induced tremor and parkinsonism. , 1995, Archives of neurology.
[70] J. Rothwell,et al. Identification of psychogenic, dystonic, and other organic tremors by a coherence entrainment test , 2004, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[71] K. Sethi,et al. Drug-induced tremors , 2005, The Lancet Neurology.
[72] Deep brain stimulation for tremor [correction of trauma]: patient selection and evaluation. , 2002, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[73] P. Thompson,et al. A positron emission tomography study of primary orthostatic tremor , 1996, Neurology.
[74] M. Hallett,et al. Primary writing tremor and myoclonic writer's cramp , 1985, Neurology.
[75] R. Elble,et al. Motor-unit activity responsible for 8- to 12-Hz component of human physiological finger tremor. , 1976, Journal of neurophysiology.
[76] M. Janssens,et al. Multicentre European study of thalamic stimulation in parkinsonian and essential tremor , 1999, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.
[77] K H Mauritz,et al. Visual and mechanical control of postural and kinetic tremor in cerebellar system disorders. , 1988, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.
[78] G. Deuschl,et al. The pathophysiology of parkinsonian tremor: a review , 2000, Journal of Neurology.
[79] Günther Deuschl,et al. Deep brain stimulation for trauma: Patient selection and evaluation , 2002 .
[80] N Kakuda,et al. Common modulation of motor unit pairs during slow wrist movement in man , 1999, The Journal of physiology.
[81] R. Uitti,et al. Essential tremor: phenotypic expression in a clinical cohort. , 2007, Parkinsonism & Related Disorders.
[82] K. Heilman. Orthostatic tremor. , 1984, Archives of neurology.
[83] R. Uitti,et al. Deep brain stimulation. , 2005, Journal of neurosurgery.
[84] R. Elble,et al. Tremor due to infarction in the ventrolateral thalamus , 1996, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[85] A. Lang,et al. The 'essentials' of essential palatal tremor: a reappraisal of the nosology. , 2006, Brain : a journal of neurology.
[86] N. Bathien,et al. Peripheral neuropathies and tremor , 1982, Neurology.
[87] R R Young,et al. Participation of the stretch reflex in human physiological tremor. , 1979, Brain : a journal of neurology.
[88] T. Vilis,et al. Effects of changes in mechanical state of limb on cerebellar intention tremor. , 1977, Journal of neurophysiology.
[89] Y. Sawamura,et al. Electrical stimulation of the posterior subthalamic area for the treatment of intractable proximal tremor. , 2003, Journal of neurosurgery.
[90] F. Sharbrough,et al. EMG in orthostatic tremor. , 1987, Neurology.
[91] M Hallett,et al. Open-label dose-escalation study of oral 1-octanol in patients with essential tremor , 2004, Neurology.
[92] H Shibasaki,et al. Cortical tremor , 1990, Neurology.
[93] S Gilman,et al. Kinematic effects of deafferentation and cerebellar ablation. , 1976, Brain : a journal of neurology.
[94] C. Marsden,et al. Focal task‐specific tremors , 1996, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[95] M. Hallett,et al. Symptomatic and essential palatal tremor. 3. Abnormal motor learning. , 1996, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.
[96] Pauline M. Prior. Approaches to Treatment , 1999 .
[97] G. Deuschl,et al. Diagnostic and pathophysiological aspects of psychogenic tremors , 1998, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[98] Mya C Schiess,et al. Benign tremulous parkinsonism? , 2006, Archives of neurology.
[99] K. Bhatia,et al. [123I]‐FP‐CIT‐SPECT demonstrates dopaminergic deficit in orthostatic tremor , 2003, Annals of neurology.
[100] C D Marsden,et al. Primary writing tremor. , 1979, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.
[101] M. Hallett,et al. Symptomatic and essential palatal tremor. 1. Clinical, physiological and MRI analysis. , 1994, Brain : a journal of neurology.
[102] G. Breese,et al. Genetic essential tremor in gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptor alpha1 subunit knockout mice. , 2005, The Journal of clinical investigation.
[103] R. Elble. Origins of tremor , 2000, The Lancet.
[104] G. Breese,et al. Genetic essential tremor in ?-aminobutyric acidA receptor a1 subunit knockout mice , 2005 .
[105] A. Quattrone,et al. Treatment of palatal myoclonus with sumatriptan , 1998, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[106] H. Shibasaki,et al. MR imaging findings of tremors associated with lesions in cerebellar outflow tracts: Report of two cases , 1993, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[107] G. Thickbroom,et al. Modulation of primary orthostatic tremor by magnetic stimulation over the motor cortex , 1998, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.
[108] J. Jankovic,et al. Psychogenic Tremor: Long-Term Outcome , 2006, CNS Spectrums.
[109] A. Lang,et al. Essential palatal tremor: Evidence of heterogeneity based on clinical features and response to sumatriptan , 1999, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[110] B. Shahani,et al. Tremor associated with peripheral neuropathy , 1984 .
[111] J. Timmer,et al. Side-to-side correlation of muscle activity in physiological and pathological human tremors , 1999, Clinical Neurophysiology.
[112] H. Brontë-Stewart,et al. Possible necessity for deep brain stimulation of both the ventralis intermedius and subthalamic nuclei to resolve Holmes tremor. Case report. , 2003, Journal of neurosurgery.
[113] W. Koller,et al. Handbook of tremor disorders , 1995 .
[114] S. Pullman,et al. Clinical and neurophysiologic spectrum of orthostatic tremor: Case series of 26 subjects , 2005, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[115] C. Gray,et al. Dynamics of tremor-related oscillations in the human globus pallidus: a single case study. , 1999, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.
[116] Rajesh Pahwa,et al. Reduced Purkinje cell number in essential tremor: a postmortem study. , 2008, Archives of neurology.
[117] G. Deuschl,et al. Function of the cerebellum in parkinsonian rest tremor and Holmes' tremor , 1999, Annals of neurology.
[118] R. Elble. Tremor and dopamine agonists , 2002, Neurology.
[119] Y. Ben-Shlomo,et al. Stimulation of the caudal zona incerta is superior to stimulation of the subthalamic nucleus in improving contralateral parkinsonism. , 2006, Brain : a journal of neurology.
[120] A. Schnitzler,et al. Cortical origin of mini-asterixis in hepatic encephalopathy , 2002, Neurology.
[121] Alexander Münchau,et al. Natural history and syndromic associations of orthostatic tremor: A review of 41 patients , 2004, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[122] G. Deuschl,et al. The pathophysiology of essential tremor. , 2000, Neurology.
[123] G. Deuschl,et al. Influence of alcohol on gait in patients with essential tremor , 2005, Neurology.
[124] Joel Brumlik,et al. Normal tremor; a comparative study, , 1970 .
[125] G. Deuschl,et al. Symptomatic and essential rhythmic palatal myoclonus. , 1990, Brain : a journal of neurology.
[126] J. Timmer,et al. Tremor-correlated neuronal activity in the subthalamic nucleus of Parkinsonian patients , 2008, Neuroscience Letters.
[127] M. Shao. Surgical therapy for Parkinson's disease , 2011 .
[128] W. Poewe,et al. Quantification of sensory trick impact on tremor amplitude and frequency in 60 patients with head tremor , 2000, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[129] P. Amarenco,et al. Tremor in Parkinson's disease and serotonergic dysfunction An 11 C-WAY 100635 PET study , 2003 .
[130] S. Gill,et al. Stimulation of the subthalamic region for essential tremor. , 2004, Journal of neurosurgery.
[131] B. Scott,et al. Treatment of palatal myoclonus with sumatriptan , 1996, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[132] Y. Shimo,et al. Familial cortical tremor with epilepsy: an under-recognized familial tremor , 1998, Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery.
[133] P. Bossuyt,et al. A comparison of continuous thalamic stimulation and thalamotomy for suppression of severe tremor. , 2000, The New England journal of medicine.
[134] Aviva Abosch,et al. Thalamic Deep Brain Stimulation for Essential Tremor: Relation of Lead Location to Outcome , 2004, Neurosurgery.
[135] P. Ashby,et al. Orthostatic tremor arises from an oscillator in the posterior fossa , 2001, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[136] P. Thompson,et al. The physiology of orthostatic tremor. , 1986, Archives of neurology.
[137] J. Matsumoto,et al. Benign tremulous parkinsonism. , 2006, Archives of neurology.
[138] M. Onofrj,et al. Dopa‐responsive pseudo‐orthostatic tremor in parkinsonism , 2007, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[139] Yukitaka Ushio,et al. Bilateral thalamic stimulation for Holmes' tremor caused by unilateral brainstem lesion , 2001, Movement disorders : official journal of the Movement Disorder Society.
[140] K. Lyons,et al. Neuropathological changes in essential tremor: 33 cases compared with 21 controls. , 2007, Brain : a journal of neurology.
[141] R. Young. What is a tremor? , 2002, Neurology.
[142] D. Brooks,et al. Tremor in Parkinson’s disease and serotonergic dysfunction , 2003, Neurology.
[143] J. Jankovic,et al. Re-emergent tremor of Parkinson’s disease , 1999, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.
[144] M. Hallett,et al. Cortical tremor , 1993, Neurology.