Policies for pedestrian access : multi-modal trade-off analysis using micro-simulation techniques

2 Acknowledgements 3 Table of

[1]  M. Barth,et al.  Recent Validation Efforts for a Comprehensive Modal Emissions Model , 2001 .

[2]  A. Schadschneider,et al.  Simulation of pedestrian dynamics using a two dimensional cellular automaton , 2001 .

[3]  Robert B. Noland,et al.  Flow improvements and vehicle emissions: effects of trip generation and emission control technology , 2006 .

[4]  R. Hubbard,et al.  Living near a main road and the risk of wheezing illness in children. , 2001, American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine.

[5]  U Brüde,et al.  Models for predicting accidents at junctions where pedestrians and cyclists are involved. How well do they fit? , 1993, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[6]  Chris Wright,et al.  Are cars visually threatening to pedestrians , 2005 .

[7]  Andrea R. Bill,et al.  Recommended Walking Speeds for Pedestrian Clearance Timing Based on Pedestrian Characteristics , 2006 .

[8]  P. Newman,et al.  The land use—transport connection: An overview , 1996 .

[9]  John J Fruin,et al.  DESIGNING FOR PEDESTRIANS: A LEVEL-OF-SERVICE CONCEPT , 1971 .

[10]  A Penn,et al.  Vision, configuration and simulation of static interaction for design , 2003 .

[11]  B Duncan-Jones Modern road crossing designs and visually impaired people , 2001 .

[12]  Walter George Bell,et al.  The great fire of London in 1666 , 1971 .

[13]  Phil Jones,et al.  Improving traffic behaviour and safety through urban design , 2005 .

[14]  P Gårder,et al.  Pedestrian safety at traffic signals: a study carried out with the help of a traffic conflicts technique. , 1989, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[15]  Haia Shpayer-Makov The Making of a Policeman: A Social History of a Labour Force in Metropolitan London, 1829-1914 , 2002 .

[16]  Roger Mackett,et al.  Overcoming the barriers to walking for children , 2005 .

[17]  J G Hunt,et al.  Warrants for zebra and pelican crossings using a minimum waiting cost criterion , 1976 .

[18]  Ibrahim Dincer,et al.  Economic and environmental comparison of conventional, hybrid, electric and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles , 2006 .

[19]  Bart De Moor,et al.  Cellular automata models of road traffic , 2005, physics/0509082.

[20]  J. Sallis,et al.  Neighborhood-based differences in physical activity: an environment scale evaluation. , 2003, American journal of public health.

[21]  Qiusheng He,et al.  Exposure to hazardous volatile organic compounds, PM10 and CO while walking along streets in urban Guangzhou, China , 2004 .

[22]  Matthew Barth,et al.  Development of a Comprehensive Modal Emissions Model , 2000 .

[23]  W. J. Martin,et al.  Deaths by Violence, 1837-1937. , 1941 .

[24]  L Ellis King,et al.  PEDESTRIAN GAP-ACCEPTANCE , 1970 .

[25]  Deogratias Eustace Pedestrian reaction to crossing signal delay , 1999 .

[26]  Mohammed M Ishaque,et al.  Pedestrian Exposure to Vehicle Emissions , 2007 .

[27]  B. Curtis,et al.  Aesthetics and the urban road environment , 2002 .

[28]  岡崎 甚幸,et al.  建築空間における歩行のためのシミュレーションモデルの研究 : その 1 磁気モデルの応用による歩行モデル , 1979 .

[29]  Mark Wardman,et al.  Public transport values of time , 2004 .

[30]  Ross H Day,et al.  Crossing roads safely: an experimental study of age differences in gap selection by pedestrians. , 2005, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[31]  Matthew Barth,et al.  Development of Comprehensive Modal Emissions Model: Operating Under Hot-Stabilized Conditions , 1997 .

[32]  Nagui M. Rouphail,et al.  Effect of Arterial Signalization and Level of Service on Measured Vehicle Emissions , 2003 .

[33]  Carmen Hass-Klau,et al.  The pedestrian and city traffic , 1990 .

[34]  A. Tamhane,et al.  Multiple Comparison Procedures , 1989 .

[35]  Frank A Haight,et al.  PROBLEMS IN ESTIMATING COMPARATIVE COSTS OF SAFETY AND MOBILITY. , 1994 .

[36]  W. Bachman,et al.  Assessing Impacts of Improved Signal Timing as a Transportation Control Measure Using an Activity-Specific Modeling Approach , 2000 .

[37]  A. Seyfried,et al.  Basics of Modelling the Pedestrian Flow , 2005, physics/0506189.

[38]  J. Seinfeld Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics of Air Pollution , 1986 .

[39]  K. Fitzpatrick,et al.  Another Look at Pedestrian Walking Speed , 2006 .

[40]  José I. Barredo,et al.  Are European Cities Becoming Dispersed? A Comparative Analysis of 15 European Urban Areas , 2006 .

[41]  Richard J. Anderson,et al.  The effects of area deprivation on the incidence of child and adult pedestrian casualties in England. , 2005, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[42]  Gopi K. Manne,et al.  Sensitivity Analysis of CAL3QHC Roadway Intersection Model , 2003 .

[43]  José H. Guerrier,et al.  The Safety of Elderly Pedestrians at Five Urban Intersections in Miami , 1998 .

[44]  L. Leden Pedestrian risk decrease with pedestrian flow. A case study based on data from signalized intersections in Hamilton, Ontario. , 2002, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[45]  B Cramphorn,et al.  Pedestrian behaviour near signalised crossings , 1992 .

[46]  J A Santos,et al.  ROAD USERS WHO ARE ELDERLY: DRIVERS AND PEDESTRIANS , 2002 .

[47]  G D Jacobs,et al.  A COMPARISON OF X-WAY AND OTHER PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS , 1968 .

[48]  K. Stoffers Scheduling of traffic lights—A new approach☆ , 1968 .

[49]  A S Fowkes,et al.  Values of travel time savings in the UK: report to Department for Transport , 2003 .

[50]  Julian Hine,et al.  Pedestrian travel experiences: Assessing the impact of traffic on behaviour and perceptions of safety using an in-depth interview technique , 1996 .

[51]  G D Jacobs,et al.  A STUDY OF PEDESTRIAN RISK IN CROSSING BUSY ROADS IN FOUR TOWNS , 1967 .

[52]  Piet Rietveld,et al.  Non-motorised modes in transport systems: a multimodal chain perspective for The Netherlands , 2000 .

[53]  Robert B. Noland,et al.  Making Roads Safe for Pedestrians or Keeping Them Out of the Way? , 2006 .

[54]  Roger Mackett,et al.  POLICIES TO ATTRACT DRIVERS OUT OF THEIR CARS FOR SHORT TRIPS , 2001 .

[55]  Robert B. Noland,et al.  Congestion and Safety: A Spatial Analysis of London , 2003 .

[56]  Mark J. Nieuwenhuijsen,et al.  Pedestrian exposure to air pollution along a major road in Central London, UK , 2005 .

[57]  P E Benson BACKGROUND AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE CALINE 3 LINE SOURCE DISPERSION MODEL , 1980 .

[58]  R T Milam,et al.  RECOMMENDED GUIDELINES FOR THE CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION OF TRAFFIC SIMULATION MODELS , 2000 .

[59]  Laurie Schintler,et al.  Women, travel and the idea of 'sustainable transport' , 2000 .

[60]  Arnoud Visser,et al.  Traffic simulation , 2001, Future Gener. Comput. Syst..

[61]  D. Quarmby CHOICE OF TRAVEL MODE FOR THE JOURNEY TO WORK-SOME FINDINGS , 1967 .

[62]  Zhaoan Wang,et al.  Modeling pedestrians’ road crossing behavior in traffic system micro-simulation in China , 2006 .

[63]  Bert Brunekreef,et al.  Association between mortality and indicators of traffic-related air pollution in the Netherlands: a cohort study , 2002, The Lancet.

[64]  Ann Coffin,et al.  WALKING SPEEDS OF ELDERLY PEDESTRIANS AT CROSSWALKS , 1995 .

[65]  Dirk Helbing,et al.  The social force pedestrian model applied to real life scenarios , 2003 .

[66]  Jin Zhang,et al.  Cellular automata modeling of pedestrian’s crossing dynamics , 2004, Journal of Zhejiang University. Science.

[67]  Sam Peltzman,et al.  The effects of automobile safety regulation: Reply , 1976 .

[68]  Robert B. Noland,et al.  Induced Travel and Emissions from Traffic Flow Improvement Projects , 2003 .

[69]  D S Rayner SOME SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS IN THE CONVERSION OF ZEBRA CROSSINGS TO PELICAN CROSSINGS , 1975 .

[70]  K G Baass,et al.  REVIEW OF EUROPEAN AND NORTH AMERICAN PRACTICE OF PEDESTRIAN SIGNAL TIMING . PROCEEDINGS OF THE 1989 ANNUAL CONFERENCE OF THE ROADS AND TRANSPORTATION ASSOCIATION OF CANADA, CALGARY, ALBERTA, SEPTEMBER 17-21, 1989 , 1989 .

[71]  G Harahap,et al.  SIMPLIFIED SATURATION FLOW DATA COLLECTION METHODS , 1993 .

[72]  Michel Bierlaire,et al.  Discrete choice models of pedestrian behavior , 2004 .

[73]  Sabah A. Abdul-Wahab,et al.  An Application and Evaluation of the CAL3QHC Model for Predicting Carbon Monoxide Concentrations from Motor Vehicles Near a Roadway Intersection in Muscat, Oman , 2004, Environmental management.

[74]  J T Duff IMPROVING PEDESTRIAN SAFETY , 1968 .

[75]  Karen Lucas,et al.  Transport, the Environment and Social Exclusion , 2001 .

[76]  E. Mullan,et al.  Do you think that your local area is a good place for young people to grow up? The effects of traffic and car parking on young people's views. , 2003, Health & place.

[77]  Mark Wardman,et al.  THE UK NATIONAL CYCLING STRATEGY: CAN IMPROVED FACILITIES MEET THE TARGETS? , 1997 .

[78]  D I Robertson,et al.  TRANSYT: A TRAFFIC NETWORK STUDY TOOL , 1969 .

[79]  Arantxa Julien,et al.  Risk exposure during pedestrian journeys , 2002 .

[80]  Subarjo PEDESTRIAN BEHAVIOUR AT A SIGNALISED INTERSECTION IN BANDUNG , 2005 .

[81]  V. Sisiopiku,et al.  PEDESTRIAN BEHAVIORS AT AND PERCEPTIONS TOWARDS VARIOUS PEDESTRIAN FACILITIES: AN EXAMINATION BASED ON OBSERVATION AND SURVEY DATA , 2003 .

[82]  Winnie Daamen,et al.  Modelling passenger flows in public transport facilities , 2004 .

[83]  Sophie Midenet,et al.  SIGNALIZED INTERSECTION WITH REAL-TIME ADAPTIVE CONTROL: ON-FIELD ASSESSMENT OF CO2 AND POLLUTANT EMISSION REDUCTION , 2004 .

[84]  R. J. Wheeler,et al.  PEDESTRIAN FLOW CHARACTERISTICS , 1969 .

[85]  M F Roddin,et al.  QUANTIFYING THE BENEFITS OF SEPARATING PEDESTRIANS AND VEHICLES , 1978 .

[86]  U Wa TANG,et al.  The Hong Kong Institution of Engineering Surveyors Spatial Patterns of CO Vehicular Pollutant in Macao Peninsula , 2003 .

[87]  J Inwood,et al.  THE COMPARATIVE SAFETY OF PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS , 1979 .

[88]  Jean-Loup Farges,et al.  Design by Petri nets of an intersection signal controller , 1996 .

[89]  William H. K. Lam,et al.  PEDESTRIAN FLOW CHARACTERISTICS IN HONG KONG , 1995 .

[90]  Brian L Bowman,et al.  PEDESTRIAN WALKING SPEEDS AND CONFLICTS AT URBAN MEDIAN LOCATIONS , 1994 .

[91]  C. Wright Geometric delay to pedestrians , 1985 .

[92]  D. Dockery,et al.  Climate, traffic-related air pollutants, and asthma prevalence in middle-school children in taiwan. , 1999, Environmental health perspectives.

[93]  B. Pushkarev URBAN SPACE FOR PEDESTRIANS , 1975 .

[94]  Daniel Sperling,et al.  TRAFFIC EMISSION POLLUTION SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS ON URBAN STREETS WITH HIGH-RISING BUILDINGS , 2001 .

[95]  J Cloke,et al.  ADDITIONAL TRAFFIC INFORMATION TO IMPROVE LOCAL EMISSION ESTIMATES , 2001 .

[96]  Werner Brilon TRAFFIC ENGINEERING AND THE NEW GERMAN HIGHWAY CAPACITY MANUAL , 1994 .

[97]  James Winter,et al.  London's Teeming Streets, 1830-1914 , 1993 .

[98]  Michael Anderson,et al.  TRAFFIC SIMULATION SOFTWARE COMPARISON STUDY , 2004 .

[99]  K. Lucas Providing transport for social inclusion within a framework for environmental justice in the UK , 2006 .

[100]  Ilsoo Yun,et al.  Application of Microscopic Simulation Model Calibration and Validation Procedure: Case Study of Coordinated Actuated Signal System , 2006 .

[101]  Michael Batty,et al.  Agent-based pedestrian modelling , 2003 .

[102]  B A Vazey,et al.  Research in road safety , 1986 .

[103]  N Lalani ROAD SAFETY AT PEDESTRIAN REFUGES , 1977 .

[104]  A. Tamhane,et al.  Multiple Comparison Procedures , 2009 .

[105]  R A Vincent,et al.  Self-optimising traffic signal control using microprocessors. The TRRL MOVA strategy for isolated intersections , 1986 .

[106]  J. Hunt,et al.  Crossing the road: a method of assessing pedestrian crossing difficulty , 1993 .

[107]  John W. Polak,et al.  Microscopic Model of Air Pollutant Concentrations: Comparison of Simulated Results with Measured and Macroscopic Estimates , 2001 .

[108]  Debbie A. Niemeier,et al.  Project Level Carbon Monoxide Hot-Spot Analysis for Level of Service D Intersections , 1998 .

[109]  N Künzli,et al.  Public-health impact of outdoor and traffic-related air pollution: a European assessment , 2000, The Lancet.

[110]  Mark R Virkler Prediction and Measurement of Travel Time Along Pedestrian Routes , 1998 .

[111]  Kardi Teknomo,et al.  Application of microscopic pedestrian simulation model , 2006 .

[112]  Helbing,et al.  Social force model for pedestrian dynamics. , 1995, Physical review. E, Statistical physics, plasmas, fluids, and related interdisciplinary topics.

[113]  Janet Dickinson,et al.  Travelling to work: will people move out of their cars , 2001 .

[114]  Matthew Barth,et al.  Analysis of Modal Emissions From Diverse In-Use Vehicle Fleet , 1997 .

[115]  R. Hughes The flow of human crowds , 2003 .

[116]  Andreas Tapani,et al.  Comparison of car-following models , 2004 .

[117]  Byungkyu Park,et al.  DEVELOPMENT AND EVALUATION OF A CALIBRATION AND VALIDATION PROCEDURE FOR MICROSCOPIC SIMULATION MODELS , 2004 .

[118]  Mohammed M Ishaque,et al.  Multimodal Microsimulation of Vehicle and Pedestrian Signal Timings , 2005 .

[119]  Mark R Virkler,et al.  PEDESTRIAN SPEED-FLOW-DENSITY RELATIONSHIPS , 1994 .

[120]  L. Dijkstra,et al.  Promoting safe walking and cycling to improve public health: lessons from The Netherlands and Germany. , 2003, American journal of public health.

[121]  Julian Paul Hine,et al.  Traffic barriers : the impact of traffic on pedestrian behaviour , 1994 .

[122]  Nagui M. Rouphail,et al.  SIMULTANEOUS OPTIMIZATION OF SIGNAL SETTINGS AND LEFT-TURN TREATMENTS , 1990 .

[123]  Robert B. Noland,et al.  Trade-Offs Between Vehicular and Pedestrian Traffic Using Micro-Simulation Methods , 2007 .

[124]  David Briggs,et al.  Personal exposure to particulate air pollution in transport microenvironments , 2004 .

[125]  Hashem R Al-Masaeid,et al.  PEDESTRIAN SPEED-FLOW RELATIONSHIP FOR CENTRAL BUSINESS DISTRICT AREAS IN DEVELOPING COUNTRIES , 1993 .

[126]  R. Ashworth,et al.  PEDESTRIAN SUBWAYS IN URBAN AREAS: SOME OBSERVATIONS CONCERNING THEIR USE , 1994 .

[127]  Richard E. Allsop,et al.  Estimating the traffic capacity of a signalized road junction , 1972 .

[128]  K. Ahmed Modeling drivers' acceleration and lane changing behavior , 1999 .

[129]  H. Davies,et al.  THE PUFFIN PEDESTRIAN CROSSING : EXPERIENCE WITH THE FIRST EXPERIMENTAL SITES , 1992 .

[130]  Victor J. Blue,et al.  Modeling Four-Directional Pedestrian Flows , 2000 .

[131]  Van Der Molen YOUNG PEDESTRIANS AND YOUNG CYCLISTS , 2002 .

[132]  Serge P. Hoogendoorn,et al.  Free Speed Distributions for Pedestrian Traffic , 2006 .

[133]  B. D. Hankin,et al.  Passenger Flow in Subways , 1958 .

[134]  Matthew Barth,et al.  STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND MODEL VALIDATION OF AUTOMOBILE EMISSIONS , 2000 .

[135]  Peter Vortisch,et al.  VALIDATION OF THE MICROSCOPIC TRAFFIC FLOW MODEL VISSIM IN DIFFERENT REAL-WORLD SITUATIONS , 2001 .

[136]  John Cohen,et al.  The Risk Taken in Crossing a Road , 1955 .

[137]  Abishai Polus,et al.  Pedestrian Flow and Level of Service , 1983 .

[138]  Serge P. Hoogendoorn,et al.  Pedestrian route-choice and activity scheduling theory and models , 2004 .

[139]  Rahmi Akçelik,et al.  Pedestrian movement characteristics at signalised intersections , 2002 .

[140]  R D Bretherton,et al.  SCOOT-a Traffic Responsive Method of Coordinating Signals , 1981 .

[141]  Mark R Virkler,et al.  Pedestrian Compliance Effects on Signal Delay , 1998 .

[142]  K M Gwilliam,et al.  THE VALUE OF TIME IN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF TRANSPORT PROJECTS: LESSONS FROM RECENT RESEARCH , 1996 .

[143]  Donna Lockett,et al.  Through seniors' eyes: an exploratory qualitative study to identify environmental barriers to and facilitators of walking. , 2005, The Canadian journal of nursing research = Revue canadienne de recherche en sciences infirmieres.

[144]  A Martin,et al.  Factors influencing pedestrian safety - a literature review , 2006 .

[145]  D J Sherborne,et al.  Intelligent traffic signals for pedestrians: evaluation of trials in three countries , 1998 .

[146]  R Kulmala,et al.  An application of logit models in analysing the behaviour of pedestrians and car drivers on pedestrian crossings. , 1988, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[147]  Marcus Wigan,et al.  Agent-Based Modelling of Pedestrian Movements: The Questions That Need to Be Asked and Answered , 2001 .

[148]  P N Daly,et al.  Pedestrian speed/flow relationships for underground stations , 1991 .

[149]  Kai Nagel,et al.  A simplified cellular automation model for city traffic , 1997 .

[150]  Colin G. Pooley,et al.  Coping with congestion: responses to urban traffic problems in British cities c.1920–1960 , 2005 .

[151]  B G Heydecker,et al.  CALCULATION OF SIGNAL SETTINGS TO MINIMISE DELAY AT A JUNCTION , 1987 .

[152]  Dino Bouchlaghem,et al.  Crowd circulation and stadium design: low flow rate systems , 2005 .

[153]  Mark Wardman,et al.  Evaluating the demand for new cycle facilities , 1996 .

[154]  Vinit Kumar Mishra,et al.  Performance evaluation of CALINE3, CAL3QHC and PART5 in predicting lead concentration in the atmosphere over Delhi , 2003 .

[155]  Michael S. Short,et al.  Effects of traffic signal installation on accidents , 1982 .

[156]  L. F. Henderson On the fluid mechanics of human crowd motion , 1974 .

[157]  Martin T. Pietrucha,et al.  FIELD STUDIES OF PEDESTRIAN WALKING SPEED AND START-UP TIME , 1996 .

[158]  Ronghui Liu,et al.  A Bi-Modal Microsimulation Tool for the Assessment of Pedestrian Delays and Traffic Management 1 , 2000 .

[159]  John L. Renne,et al.  Socioeconomics of Urban Travel: Evidence from the 2001 NHTS , 2003 .

[160]  A S Fowkes Values of time for road commercial vehicles , 2001 .

[161]  Leicha Rickards,et al.  Living in Britain : results from the 2002 General Household Survey , 2004 .

[162]  John J. Fruin,et al.  Pedestrian planning and design , 1971 .

[163]  R. L. Moore Pedestrian Choice and Judgment , 1953 .

[164]  G B Grayson,et al.  AGE-RELATED DIFFERENCES IN THE ROAD CROSSING BEHAVIOUR OF ADULT PEDESTRIANS , 1980 .

[165]  P. Jacobsen Safety in numbers: more walkers and bicyclists, safer walking and bicycling , 2003, Injury prevention : journal of the International Society for Child and Adolescent Injury Prevention.

[166]  Brian Kim,et al.  Development of Traffic Air Quality Simulation Model , 2006 .

[167]  Stephen Porter,et al.  Great Fire of London , 1996 .

[168]  Thomas E Lisco VALUE OF COMMUTERS TRAVEL TIME - A STUDY IN URBAN TRANSPORTATION , 1968 .

[169]  K. K. Chaudhry,et al.  Vehicular pollution prediction modelling: a review of highway dispersion models , 2004 .

[170]  Karen Lucas,et al.  EVALUATING AND IMPLEMENTING TRANSPORT MEASURES IN A WIDER POLICY CONTEXT: THE 'CIVILISING CITIES' INITIATIVE , 2003 .

[171]  B Preston The behaviour and safety of pedestrians at Pelican crossings in Greater Manchester , 1989 .

[172]  P E Hair Deaths from violence in Britain: A tentative secular survey. , 1971, Population studies.

[173]  Yordphol Tanaboriboon,et al.  ANALYSIS OF PEDESTRIAN MOVEMENTS IN BANGKOK , 1991 .

[174]  Martin A. Andresen,et al.  Obesity relationships with community design, physical activity, and time spent in cars. , 2004, American journal of preventive medicine.

[175]  Ashoke Kumar Sarkar,et al.  PEDESTRIAN FLOW CHARACTERISTICS AT AN INTERMODAL TRANSFER TERMINAL IN CALCUTTA , 2001 .

[176]  Joseph Fletcher Statistical Account of the Police of the Metropolis , 1850 .

[177]  Marcus Wigan TREATMENT OF WALKING AS A MODE OF TRANSPORTATION , 1995 .

[178]  P. Goodwin,et al.  DISAPPEARING TRAFFIC? THE STORY SO FAR , 2002 .

[179]  Wolfgang Androsch,et al.  Pedestrian behaviour at signalized intersections , 1974 .

[180]  P. Goodwin,et al.  HUMAN EFFORT AND THE VALUE OF TRAVEL TIME , 1976 .

[181]  M. Baltes,et al.  Why People Cross Where They Do: The Role of Street Environment , 2002 .

[182]  Nagui M. Rouphail MIDBLOCK CROSSWALKS: A USER COMPLIANCE AND PREFERENCE STUDY , 1984 .

[183]  J. Kerridge,et al.  Human Movement Behaviour in Urban Spaces: Implications for the Design and Modelling of Effective Pedestrian Environments , 2004 .

[184]  Paul E. Ponchillia,et al.  Roundabouts: Problems of and strategies for access , 2005 .

[185]  J. Gerberding,et al.  Barriers to children walking and biking to school--United States, 1999. , 2002, MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report.

[186]  K. Sælensminde COST-BENEFIT ANALYSES OF WALKING AND CYCLING TRACK NETWORKS TAKING INTO ACCOUNT INSECURITY, HEALTH EFFECTS AND EXTERNAL COSTS OF MOTORIZED TRAFFIC , 2004 .

[187]  H. Levene Robust tests for equality of variances , 1961 .

[188]  J. Kenworthy,et al.  Patterns of automobile dependence in cities: an international overview of key physical and economic dimensions with some implications for urban policy , 1999 .

[189]  M. Asaba,et al.  A study on pedestrian signal phase indication system , 1998 .

[190]  Robert B. Noland PEDESTRIAN TRAVEL TIMES AND MOTOR VEHICLE TRAFFIC SIGNALS , 1996 .

[191]  Nagui M. Rouphail,et al.  STATISTICALLY-BASED VALIDATION OF COMPUTER SIMULATION MODELS IN TRAFFIC OPERATIONS AND MANAGEMENT , 2002 .

[192]  Peter Bonsall,et al.  Modelling safety-related driving behaviour: impact of parameter values , 2005 .

[193]  Rainer Wiedemann,et al.  SIMULATION DES STRASSENVERKEHRSFLUSSES. , 1974 .

[194]  F. Webster TRAFFIC SIGNAL SETTINGS , 1958 .

[195]  M Hillman,et al.  A continuous pedestrian network , 2001 .

[196]  Sherrie A. Jones,et al.  ISSUES OF ELDERLY PEDESTRIANS , 1992 .

[197]  Y. Tanaboriboon,et al.  Pedestrian Characteristics Study in Singapore , 1986 .

[198]  D Stewart PEDESTRIAN GUARDRAILS AND ACCIDENTS , 1988 .

[199]  Miles Tight,et al.  The development of an automatic method of safety monitoring at Pelican crossings. , 2005, Accident; analysis and prevention.

[200]  Dirk Helbing A Fluid-Dynamic Model for the Movement of Pedestrians , 1992, Complex Syst..

[201]  Max Bulsara,et al.  Active commuting in a university setting: Assessing commuting habits and potential for modal change , 2006 .

[202]  David L Buckeridge,et al.  Effect of motor vehicle emissions on respiratory health in an urban area. , 2002, Environmental health perspectives.

[203]  Li Jian,et al.  Simulation of bi-direction pedestrian movement in corridor , 2005 .

[204]  S. Dai,et al.  Centrifugal force model for pedestrian dynamics. , 2005, Physical review. E, Statistical, nonlinear, and soft matter physics.

[205]  J G Hunt,et al.  DELAYS AT PEDESTRIAN CROSSINGS. 1. SITE OBSERVATIONS AND THE INTERPRETATION OF DATA , 1984 .