Eye-Movement behavior identification for AD diagnosis

In the present work, we develop a deep-learning approach for differentiating the eye-movement behavior of people with neurodegenerative diseases over healthy control subjects during reading well-defined sentences. We define an information compaction of the eye-tracking data of subjects without and with probable Alzheimer's disease when reading a set of well-defined, previously validated, sentences including high-, low-predictable sentences, and proverbs. Using this information we train a set of denoising sparse-autoencoders and build a deep neural network with these and a softmax classifier. Our results are very promising and show that these models may help to understand the dynamics of eye movement behavior and its relationship with underlying neuropsychological correlates.

[1]  P. Scheltens,et al.  Recommendations for the diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease and other disorders associated with dementia: EFNS guideline , 2007, European journal of neurology.

[2]  Jürgen Schmidhuber,et al.  Deep learning in neural networks: An overview , 2014, Neural Networks.

[3]  S. Guinjoan,et al.  Word processing during reading sentences in patients with schizophrenia: evidences from the eyetracking technique. , 2016, Comprehensive psychiatry.

[4]  Jochen Laubrock,et al.  Registering eye movements during reading in Alzheimer’s disease: Difficulties in predicting upcoming words , 2014, Journal of clinical and experimental neuropsychology.

[5]  Osvaldo Agamennoni,et al.  Contextual predictability enhances reading performance in patients with schizophrenia , 2016, Psychiatry Research.

[6]  Liliana R. Castro,et al.  Diagnosis of mild Alzheimer disease through the analysis of eye movements during reading. , 2015, Journal of integrative neuroscience.

[7]  Ralf Engbert,et al.  Tracking the mind during reading: the influence of past, present, and future words on fixation durations. , 2006, Journal of experimental psychology. General.

[8]  Seong-Whan Lee,et al.  Hierarchical feature representation and multimodal fusion with deep learning for AD/MCI diagnosis , 2014, NeuroImage.

[9]  Dong Yu,et al.  Deep Learning: Methods and Applications , 2014, Found. Trends Signal Process..

[10]  P. Hancock,et al.  Looking at movies and cartoons: eye-tracking evidence from Williams syndrome and autism. , 2009, Journal of intellectual disability research : JIDR.

[11]  D. Levy,et al.  Eye-tracking dysfunctions in schizophrenic patients and their relatives. , 1974, Archives of general psychiatry.

[12]  Liliana R. Castro,et al.  Patients with Mild Alzheimer's Disease Fail When Using Their Working Memory: Evidence from the Eye Tracking Technique. , 2016, Journal of Alzheimer's disease : JAD.

[13]  S. Folstein,et al.  "Mini-mental state". A practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician. , 1975, Journal of psychiatric research.

[14]  G. Fernández,et al.  Eye movement alterations during reading in patients with early Alzheimer disease. , 2013, Investigative ophthalmology & visual science.

[15]  M. Folstein,et al.  Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease , 1984, Neurology.

[16]  K. Rayner Eye movements in reading and information processing: 20 years of research. , 1998, Psychological bulletin.

[17]  John R Hodges,et al.  The Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination Revised (ACE‐R): a brief cognitive test battery for dementia screening , 2006, International journal of geriatric psychiatry.

[18]  Dinggang Shen,et al.  Deep Learning-Based Feature Representation for AD/MCI Classification , 2013, MICCAI.

[19]  C. Beevers,et al.  Time course of selective attention in clinically depressed young adults: an eye tracking study. , 2008, Behaviour research and therapy.

[20]  Reinhold Kliegl,et al.  Eye movements during reading proverbs and regular sentences: the incoming word predictability effect , 2014 .

[21]  Dinggang Shen,et al.  Deep Learning Based Imaging Data Completion for Improved Brain Disease Diagnosis , 2014, MICCAI.

[22]  Sidong Liu,et al.  Early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease with deep learning , 2014, 2014 IEEE 11th International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI).

[23]  Liliana R. Castro,et al.  Patients with mild Alzheimer’s disease produced shorter outgoing saccades when reading sentences , 2015, Psychiatry Research.