Updating P 300 : An Integrative Theory of P 3 a and P 3 b

The empirical and theoretical development of the P300 event-related brain potential (ERP) is reviewed by considering factors that contribute to its amplitude, latency, and general characteristics. The neuropsychological origins of the P3a and P3b subcomponents are detailed, and how target/ standard discrimination difficulty modulates scalp topography is discussed. The neural loci of P3a and P3b generation are outlined, and a cognitive model is proffered: P3a originates from stimulusdriven frontal attention mechanisms during task processing, whereas P3b originates from temporalparietal activity associated with attention and appears related to subsequent memory processing. Neurotransmitter actions associating P3a to frontal/dopaminergic and P3b to parietal/norepinephrine pathways are highlighted. Neuroinhibition is suggested as an overarching theoretical mechanism for P300, which is elicited when stimulus detection engages memory operations.

[1]  E. John,et al.  Evoked-Potential Correlates of Stimulus Uncertainty , 1965, Science.

[2]  N. Squires,et al.  Two varieties of long-latency positive waves evoked by unpredictable auditory stimuli in man. , 1975, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[3]  K. Pribram,et al.  Arousal, activation, and effort in the control of attention. , 1975, Psychological review.

[4]  E. Courchesne,et al.  Stimulus novelty, task relevance and the visual evoked potential in man. , 1975, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[5]  N. Squires,et al.  The effect of stimulus sequence on the waveform of the cortical event-related potential. , 1976, Science.

[6]  S. Hillyard,et al.  Long-latency evoked potentials to irrelevant, deviant stimuli. , 1976, Behavioral biology.

[7]  E. N. Sokolov.  Brain Functions: Neuronal Mechanisms of Learning and Memory , 1977 .

[8]  G. McCarthy,et al.  Augmenting mental chronometry: the P300 as a measure of stimulus evaluation time. , 1977, Science.

[9]  Christopher D. Wickens,et al.  The effects of stimulus sequence on event related potentials: A comparison of visual and auditory sequences , 1977 .

[10]  G Pfurtscheller,et al.  On and off effects in the background EEG activity during one-second photic stimulation. , 1978, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[11]  E. Donchin,et al.  COGNITIVE PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGY: THE ENDOGENOUS COMPONENTS OF THE ERP , 1978 .

[12]  S. Sutton,et al.  P300 -- Thirteen Years Later , 1979 .

[13]  T W Picton,et al.  The component structure of the human event-related potentials. , 1980, Progress in brain research.

[14]  E. Donchin,et al.  P300 and tracking difficulty: evidence for multiple resources in dual-task performance. , 1980, Psychophysiology.

[15]  Pekcan Ungan,et al.  Comparative frequency analysis of single EEG-evoked potential records. , 1980, Journal of biomedical engineering.

[16]  B. Kopell,et al.  The Stroop effect: brain potentials localize the source of interference. , 1981, Science.

[17]  E Donchin,et al.  A metric for thought: a comparison of P300 latency and reaction time. , 1981, Science.

[18]  W. Pritchard.  Psychophysiology of P300. , 1981, Psychological bulletin.

[19]  C. C. Duncan-Johnson.  Young Psychophysiologist Award address, 1980. P300 latency: a new metric of information processing. , 1981, Psychophysiology.

[20]  E. Ba§ar,et al.  EEG-Brain dynamics: Relation between EEG and brain evoked potentials , 1982 .

[21]  B Renault,et al.  Onset and offset of brain events as indices of mental chronometry. , 1982, Science.

[22]  E Donchin,et al.  Sequential expectancies and decision making in a changing environment: an electrophysiological approach. , 1982, Psychophysiology.

[23]  Emanuel Donchin,et al.  The P300 component of the event-related brain potential as an index of information processing , 1982, Biological Psychology.

[24]  K. Syndulko,et al.  Cognition in Parkinson disease: An event‐related potential perspective , 1982, Annals of neurology.

[25]  E. Donchin,et al.  Performance of concurrent tasks: a psychophysiological analysis of the reciprocity of information-processing resources. , 1983, Science.

[26]  M. Kutas,et al.  Electrophysiology of cognitive processing. , 1983, Annual review of psychology.

[27]  A. Starr,et al.  P300 latency correlates with digit span. , 1983, Psychophysiology.

[28]  E Başar,et al.  A new approach to endogenous event-related potentials in man: relation between EEG and P300-wave. , 1984, The International journal of neuroscience.

[29]  E. Donchin,et al.  On the dependence of P300 latency on stimulus evaluation processes. , 1984, Psychophysiology.

[30]  R. Knight.  Decreased response to novel stimuli after prefrontal lesions in man. , 1984, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[31]  T. Picton,et al.  The Effects of Probability and Discriminability on the Evoked Potentials to Unpredictable Stimuli a , 1984, Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.

[32]  E. Donchin,et al.  “P300” and memory: Individual differences in the von Restorff effect , 1984, Cognitive Psychology.

[33]  E. Basar,et al.  Important associations among EEG-dynamics, event-related potentials, short-term memory and learning. , 1985, The International journal of neuroscience.

[34]  Michael G. H. Coles,et al.  Advances in psychophysiology : a research annual , 1985 .

[35]  A Pfefferbaum,et al.  P300 and long-term memory: latency predicts recognition performance. , 1985, Psychophysiology.

[36]  John Polich,et al.  P300 latency and memory span development. , 1985 .

[37]  C D Wickens,et al.  Processing of stimulus properties: evidence for dual-task integrality. , 1985, Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance.

[38]  J. Ford,et al.  ERPs to response production and inhibition. , 1985, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[39]  C. C. Wood,et al.  Scalp distributions of event-related potentials: an ambiguity associated with analysis of variance models. , 1985, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[40]  J. Polich,et al.  Normal variation of P300 from auditory stimuli. , 1986, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[41]  E. Donchin,et al.  P300 and recall in an incidental memory paradigm. , 1986, Psychophysiology.

[42]  R. Johnson.  A triarchic model of P300 amplitude. , 1986, Psychophysiology.

[43]  F E Bloom,et al.  P300 latency reflects the degree of cognitive decline in dementing illness. , 1986, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[44]  A Pfefferbaum,et al.  Apparent response incompatibility effects on P3 latency depend on the task. , 1986, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[45]  D K Prasher,et al.  Latency variability and temporal interrelationships of the auditory event-related potentials (N1, P2, N2, and P3) in normal subjects. , 1986, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[46]  A. Kok.  Effects of degradation of visual stimuli on components of the event-related potential (ERP) in go/nogo reaction tasks , 1986, Biological Psychology.

[47]  D L Woods,et al.  The recovery functions of auditory event-related potentials during split-second discriminations. , 1986, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[48]  John Polich,et al.  P300 from identical twins , 1987, Neuropsychologia.

[49]  J. Polich,et al.  Task difficulty, probability, and inter-stimulus interval as determinants of P300 from auditory stimuli. , 1987, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[50]  H H Stassen,et al.  Genetic aspects of the EEG: an investigation into the within-pair similarity of monozygotic and dizygotic twins with a new method of analysis. , 1987, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[51]  W. van Winsum,et al.  Event-related desynchronization and P300. , 1987, Psychophysiology.

[52]  R. Knight.  Aging decreases auditory event-related potentials to unexpected stimuli in humans , 1987, Neurobiology of Aging.

[53]  R. Johnson,et al.  Scalp-recorded P300 activity in patients following unilateral temporal lobectomy. , 1988, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[54]  E. Donchin,et al.  Is the P300 component a manifestation of context updating? , 1988, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[55]  J. Polich,et al.  Bifurcated P300 Peaks: P3a and P3b Revisited? , 1988, Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society.

[56]  R. Verleger.  Event-related potentials and cognition: A critique of the context updating hypothesis and an alternative interpretation of P3 , 1988, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[57]  L. Squire,et al.  P3-like brain waves in normal monkeys and in monkeys with medial temporal lesions. , 1988, Behavioral neuroscience.

[58]  G. Hakerem,et al.  The effect of prestimulus alpha activity on the P300. , 1988, Psychophysiology.

[59]  E Halgren,et al.  Dissociation of recognition memory components following temporal lobe lesions. , 1989, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[60]  J. Pineda,et al.  Effects of locus coeruleus lesions on auditory, long-latency, event- related potentials in monkey , 1989, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[61]  A. Kok,et al.  Disinhibition and the processing of auditory stimulus intensity: An ERP-study. , 1989 .

[62]  Erol Başar,et al.  The EEG is a Quasi-Deterministic Signal Anticipating Sensory-Cognitive Tasks , 1989 .

[63]  R. Knight,et al.  Contributions of temporal-parietal junction to the human auditory P3 , 1989, Brain Research.

[64]  R. Emmerson,et al.  P3 latency and symbol digit performance correlations in aging. , 1989, Experimental aging research.

[65]  C. C. Wood,et al.  Task-dependent field potentials in human hippocampal formation , 1989, The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience.

[66]  J. Polich.  Habituation of P300 from auditory stimuli , 1989, Psychobiology.

[67]  D. Regan.  Human brain electrophysiology: Evoked potentials and evoked magnetic fields in science and medicine , 1989 .

[68]  G Mulder,et al.  Event-related potentials during memory search and selective attention to letter size and conjunctions of letter size and color. , 1989, Psychophysiology.

[69]  W Karniski,et al.  Topographical and temporal stability of the P300. , 1989, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[70]  A Kok,et al.  Internal and external control: a two-factor model of amplitude change of event-related potentials. , 1990, Acta psychologica.

[71]  Ingrid Daubechies,et al.  The wavelet transform, time-frequency localization and signal analysis , 1990, IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory.

[72]  B. Rockstroh,et al.  Slow potentials of the cerebral cortex and behavior. , 1990, Physiological reviews.

[73]  W. Sommer,et al.  Consciousness of attention and expectancy as reflected in event-related potentials and reaction times. , 1990, Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition.

[74]  F E Bloom,et al.  P300 assessment of early Alzheimer's disease. , 1990, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[75]  J. Polich,et al.  Normal variation of P300 in children: age, memory span, and head size. , 1990, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[76]  E Donchin,et al.  Effects of mnemonic strategy manipulation in a Von Restorff paradigm. , 1990, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[77]  J. Polich,et al.  P300, probability, and interstimulus interval. , 1990, Psychophysiology.

[78]  J. Polich,et al.  P300 and introverted/extraverted personality types. , 1991, Psychophysiology.

[79]  P. Stanzione,et al.  P300 variations in parkinsonian patients before and during dopaminergic monotherapy: a suggested dopamine component in P300. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[80]  M. W. Molen,et al.  Discovery of the P300: A tribute , 1991, Biological Psychology.

[81]  G Pfurtscheller,et al.  Event-related desynchronization during motor behavior and visual information processing. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology. Supplement.

[82]  R. Knight,et al.  P300 generation by novel somatosensory stimuli. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[83]  D. Potter,et al.  Normal P300 following extensive damage to the left medial temporal lobe. , 1991, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[84]  M. Brandt,et al.  The effect of the phase of prestimulus alpha activity on the averaged visual evoked response. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[85]  M. Brandt,et al.  Pre-stimulus spectral EEG patterns and the visual evoked response. , 1991, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[86]  M. Raichle,et al.  Localization of a human system for sustained attention by positron emission tomography , 1991, Nature.

[87]  J. Polich,et al.  P300, cognitive capability, and personality: A correlational study of university undergraduates , 1992 .

[88]  L D Blumhardt,et al.  Wave form variations in auditory event-related potentials evoked by a memory-scanning task and their relationship with tests of intellectual function. , 1992, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[89]  F. Boiten,et al.  Event-related desynchronization: the effects of energetic and computational demands. , 1992, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[90]  C. C. Wood,et al.  Potentials evoked in human and monkey medial temporal lobe during auditory and visual oddball paradigms. , 1992, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[91]  S. F. Witelson.  Cognitive neuroanatomy , 1992, Neurology.

[92]  E. Basar,et al.  P300-response: possible psychophysiological correlates in delta and theta frequency channels. A review. , 1992, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[93]  G Pfurtscheller,et al.  Functional Topography During a Visuoverbal Judgment Task Studied with Event‐Related Desynchronization Mapping , 1992, Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society.

[94]  G. Stenberg,et al.  Personality and the EEG: Arousal and emotional arousability , 1992 .

[95]  Michael D. Rugg,et al.  Event-Related Potentials and Recognition Memory for Low- and High-Frequency Words , 1992, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[96]  B. O’Donnell,et al.  Active and passive P3 latency and psychometric performance: influence of age and individual differences. , 1992, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[97]  M. Onofrj,et al.  P3 recordings in patients with bilateral temporal lobe lesions , 1992, Neurology.

[98]  R. Knight,et al.  Effects of temporal-parietal lesions on the somatosensory P3 to lower limb stimulation. , 1992, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[99]  T W Picton,et al.  The P300 Wave of the Human Event‐Related Potential , 1992, Journal of clinical neurophysiology : official publication of the American Electroencephalographic Society.

[100]  L D Blumhardt,et al.  Event-related potential (ERP) correlates of performance of intelligence tests. , 1992, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[101]  Michael I. Posner,et al.  Attention as a Cognitive and Neural System , 1992 .

[102]  R. Johnson,et al.  On the neural generators of the P300 component of the event-related potential. , 2007, Psychophysiology.

[103]  W. Sommer,et al.  Stimulus presentation rate dissociates sequential effects in event-related potentials and reaction times. , 1993, Psychophysiology.

[104]  S. Segalowitz,et al.  The reliability of ERP components in the auditory oddball paradigm. , 1993, Psychophysiology.

[105]  P Ullsperger,et al.  P3 varies with stimulus categorization rather than probability. , 1993, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[106]  Yasuhiro Nageishi,et al.  Endogenous Event‐Related Potentials in Obsessive Character , 1993, The Japanese journal of psychiatry and neurology.

[107]  M Eimer,et al.  Spatial cueing, sensory gating and selective response preparation: an ERP study on visuo-spatial orienting. , 1993, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[108]  L. Squire,et al.  P300 from amnesic patients with bilateral hippocampal lesions. , 1993, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[109]  H. Pashler.  Dual-task interference in simple tasks: data and theory. , 1994, Psychological bulletin.

[110]  J. Polich,et al.  P300 from a single auditory stimulus. , 1994, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[111]  J. Intriligator,et al.  On the relationship between background EEG and the P300 event-related potential , 1994, Biological Psychology.

[112]  S. Morzorati,et al.  Heritable features of the auditory oddball event-related potential: peaks, latencies, morphology and topography. , 1994, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[113]  G. Stenberg.  Extraversion and the P300 in a visual classification task , 1994 .

[114]  J. Ford,et al.  The relationship between P300 amplitude and regional gray matter volumes depends upon the attentional system engaged. , 1994, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[115]  M. Posner,et al.  Attentional networks , 1994, Trends in Neurosciences.

[116]  R. Verleger,et al.  Reduction of P3b in patients with temporo-parietal lesions. , 1994, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[117]  C. Ogura,et al.  Effect of the dopamine D2 antagonist sulpiride on event-related potentials and its relation to the law of initial value. , 1994, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[118]  M. Molnár,et al.  On the origin of the P3 event-related potential component. , 1994, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[119]  J. Polich,et al.  P300 from families. , 1994, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[120]  G. V. Simpson,et al.  ERP amplitude and scalp distribution to target and novel events: effects of temporal order in young, middle-aged and older adults. , 1994, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[121]  J. Intriligator,et al.  On the relationship between EEG and ERP variability. , 1995, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[122]  R. Knight,et al.  Role of human prefrontal cortex in attention control. , 1995, Advances in neurology.

[123]  H Begleiter,et al.  P300 hemispheric amplitude asymmetries from a visual oddball task. , 1995, Psychophysiology.

[124]  A. Mecklinger,et al.  What makes a category a category? ERP correlates of stimulus-to-category assignments. , 1995, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology. Supplement.

[125]  E. Halgren,et al.  Intracerebral potentials to rare target and distractor auditory and visual stimuli. III. Frontal cortex. , 1995, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[126]  M. Timsit-Berthier,et al.  Catecholaminergic function and P300 amplitude in major depressive disorder (P300 and catecholamines). , 1995, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[127]  J. Polich,et al.  P300 differences between sinistrals and dextrals. , 1995, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[128]  J. Polich,et al.  Cognitive and biological determinants of P300: an integrative review , 1995, Biological Psychology.

[129]  Naftali Raz,et al.  The influence of sex, age, and handedness on corpus callosum morphology: A meta-analysis , 1995, Psychobiology.

[130]  K Satomi,et al.  Hemispheric asymmetry of event-related potentials in a patient with callosal disconnection syndrome: a comparison of auditory, visual and somatosensory modalities. , 1995, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[131]  John Polich,et al.  Spectral analysis of EEG from families , 1995, Biological Psychology.

[132]  V. Samar,et al.  Multiresolution Analysis of Event-Related Potentials by Wavelet Decomposition , 1995, Brain and Cognition.

[133]  R. Stelmack,et al.  Event-Related Potentials, Personality, and Intelligence , 1995 .

[134]  R. Desimone,et al.  Multiple memory systems in the visual cortex. , 1995 .

[135]  Klaus P. Ebmeier,et al.  Cognitive brain potentials and regional cerebral blood flow equivalents during two- and three-sound auditory "oddball tasks". , 1995, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[136]  J. Polich,et al.  P300 topography and modality effects from a single-stimulus paradigm. , 1996, Psychophysiology.

[137]  R. Knight.  Contribution of human hippocampal region to novelty detection , 1996, Nature.

[138]  J. Polich,et al.  P300 from one-, two-, and three-stimulus auditory paradigms. , 1996, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[139]  H Begleiter,et al.  Hemispheric differences for P300 amplitude from an auditory oddball task. , 1996, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[140]  J. Polich,et al.  Meta-analysis of P300 normative aging studies. , 1996, Psychophysiology.

[141]  C A Mann,et al.  Suppression of EEG rhythmic frequencies during somato-motor and visuo-motor behavior. , 1996, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[142]  G. Pfurtscheller,et al.  Event-related synchronization (ERS) in the alpha band--an electrophysiological correlate of cortical idling: a review. , 1996, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[143]  J. Polich,et al.  Handedness and P300 from Auditory Stimuli , 1997, Brain and Cognition.

[144]  J. Polich,et al.  P300 and probability: comparison of oddball and single-stimulus paradigms. , 1997, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[145]  André Beauducel,et al.  Biopsychological foundations of extraversion differential effort reactivity and state control , 1997 .

[146]  R. Verleger.  On the utility of P3 latency as an index of mental chronometry. , 1997, Psychophysiology.

[147]  A. Kok.  Event-related-potential (ERP) reflections of mental resource̊s: a review and synthesis , 1997, Biological Psychology.

[148]  Emanuel Donchin,et al.  The varieties of deviant experience: ERP manifestations of deviance processors , 1997 .

[149]  J. Polich,et al.  P300 from a single-stimulus paradigm: passive versus active tasks and stimulus modality. , 1997, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[150]  P. Goldman-Rakic,et al.  Infrequent events transiently activate human prefrontal and parietal cortex as measured by functional MRI. , 1997, Journal of neurophysiology.

[151]  M K McGue,et al.  P300 event-related potential heritability in monozygotic and dizygotic twins. , 1997, Psychophysiology.

[152]  T. Demiralp,et al.  Time–frequency analysis reveals multiple functional components during oddball P300 , 1997, Neuroreport.

[153]  J. Cohen,et al.  On the number of trials needed for P300. , 1997, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[154]  R. Hari,et al.  Brain alpa activity - New aspects and functional correlates , 1997 .

[155]  John Polich,et al.  P300 Sequence Effects, Probability, and Interstimulus Interval , 1997, Physiology & Behavior.

[156]  J. Polich,et al.  On the relationship between EEG and P300: individual differences, aging, and ultradian rhythms. , 1997, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[157]  A. Ademoglu,et al.  Analysis of pattern reversal visual evoked potentials (PRVEPs) by spline wavelets , 1997, IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering.

[158]  W. Klimesch.  EEG-alpha rhythms and memory processes. , 1997, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[159]  C. Kemner,et al.  Processing capacity and the frontal P3. , 1997, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[160]  R. Knight.  Distributed Cortical Network for Visual Attention , 1997, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[161]  J. Polich,et al.  P300 and handedness: on the possible contribution of corpus callosal size to ERPs. , 1998, Psychophysiology.

[162]  R. Knight,et al.  Neural Mechanisms of Involuntary Attention to Acoustic Novelty and Change , 1998, Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience.

[163]  F. L. D. Silva,et al.  Dynamics of EEGs as signals of neuronal populations: models and theoretical considerations , 1998 .

[164]  J. Yordanova,et al.  Single-sweep analysis of the theta frequency band during an auditory oddball task. , 1998, Psychophysiology.

[165]  J Blangero,et al.  Quantitative trait loci analysis of human event-related brain potentials: P3 voltage. , 1998, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[166]  Kenneth B. Campbell,et al.  Intelligence and the effects of perceptual processing demands, task difficulty and processing speed on P300, reaction time and movement time , 1998 .

[167]  S. Steinhauer,et al.  Genetic Association between Reduced P300 Amplitude and the DRD2 Dopamine Receptor A1 Allele in Children at High Risk for Alcoholism , 1998, Biological Psychiatry.

[168]  E. Halgren,et al.  Generators of the late cognitive potentials in auditory and visual oddball tasks. , 1998, Electroencephalography and clinical neurophysiology.

[169]  K Lehnertz,et al.  Verbal novelty detection within the human hippocampus proper. , 1998, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[170]  J. Polich,et al.  Stimulus context determines P3a and P3b. , 1998, Psychophysiology.

[171]  D Friedman,et al.  Effects of aging on the novelty P3 during attend and ignore oddball tasks. , 1998, Psychophysiology.

[172]  Ahmet Ademoglu,et al.  Decomposition of Event-Related Brain Potentials into Multicomponents Using Wavelet Transform , 1998 .

[173]  W. Klimesch,et al.  Induced alpha band power changes in the human EEG and attention , 1998, Neuroscience Letters.

[174]  J. Yordanova,et al.  Event‐related alpha oscillations are functionally associated with P300 during information processing , 1998, Neuroreport.

[175]  M. Fabiani,et al.  Individual differences in P3 scalp distribution in older adults, and their relationship to frontal lobe function. , 1998, Psychophysiology.

[176]  Werner Sommer,et al.  The expectancies that govern the P300 amplitude are mostly automatic and unconscious , 1998, Behavioral and Brain Sciences.

[177]  J. Polich,et al.  P3a, perceptual distinctiveness, and stimulus modality. , 1998, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[178]  T. Nakada,et al.  A Review of EEG and Blood Flow Data , 1998, Reviews in the neurosciences.

[179]  F. L. D. Silva,et al.  Event-related EEG/MEG synchronization and desynchronization: basic principles , 1999, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[180]  F. Bloom,et al.  P300, alcoholism heritability, and stimulus modality. , 1999, Alcohol.

[181]  S. Steinhauer,et al.  Developmental delay in P300 production in children at high risk for developing alcohol-related disorders , 1999, Biological Psychiatry.

[182]  D. V. von Cramon,et al.  Combining electrophysiological and hemodynamic measures of the auditory oddball. , 1999, Psychophysiology.

[183]  E. Donchin,et al.  A componential analysis of the ERP elicited by novel events using a dense electrode array. , 1999, Psychophysiology.

[184]  D. Potter,et al.  Assessment of Mild Head Injury with ERPs and Neuropsychological Tasks , 1999 .

[185]  E. Kandel,et al.  Memory: From Mind to Molecules , 1999 .

[186]  J. Polich,et al.  P300 Habituation Patterns: Individual Differences from Ultradian Rhythms , 1999, Perceptual and motor skills.

[187]  J. Polich,et al.  P3a and P3b from typical auditory and visual stimuli , 1999, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[188]  Ulrich Hegerl,et al.  Neurochemical Substrates and Neuroanatomical Generators of the Event-Related P300 , 1999, Neuropsychobiology.

[189]  J. Polich,et al.  On P300 measurement stability: habituation, intra-trial block variation, and ultradian rhythms , 1999, Biological Psychology.

[190]  J. Hohnsbein,et al.  ERP components in Go/Nogo tasks and their relation to inhibition. , 1999, Acta psychologica.

[191]  K. Spencer,et al.  Poststimulus EEG spectral analysis and P300: attention, task, and probability. , 1999, Psychophysiology.

[192]  Jing-Bo Pan,et al.  P300 as a measure of cognitive dysfunction from occupational and environmental insults , 1999, Environmental health and preventive medicine.

[193]  W. Iacono,et al.  Substance dependence and externalizing psychopathology in adolescent boys with small, average, or large P300 event-related potential amplitude. , 1999, Psychophysiology.

[194]  V. Samar,et al.  Time–Frequency Analysis of Single-Sweep Event-Related Potentials by Means of Fast Wavelet Transform , 1999, Brain and Language.

[195]  Y. Kuroiwa,et al.  The correlation between P300 alterations and regional cerebral blood flow in non-demented Parkinson's disease , 2000, Neuroscience Letters.

[196]  P. Goldman-Rakic,et al.  Prefrontal Activation Evoked by Infrequent Target and Novel Stimuli in a Visual Target Detection Task: An Event-Related Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study , 2000, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[197]  S. Kobayashi,et al.  Event-related brain potentials in response to novel sounds in dementia , 2000, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[198]  R. Knight,et al.  Neural origins of the P300. , 2000, Critical reviews in neurobiology.

[199]  A Ademoglu,et al.  Multiple time‐frequency components account for the complex functional reactivity of P300 , 2000, Neuroreport.

[200]  R. Knight,et al.  Prefrontal modulation of visual processing in humans , 2000, Nature Neuroscience.

[201]  J. Hohnsbein,et al.  ERP components on reaction errors and their functional significance: a tutorial , 2000, Biological Psychology.

[202]  M. Mesulam,et al.  The central role of the prefrontal cortex in directing attention to novel events. , 2000, Brain : a journal of neurology.

[203]  A Gevins,et al.  Test–retest reliability of cognitive EEG , 2000, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[204]  R. Knight,et al.  Predictive value of novel stimuli modifies visual event-related potentials and behavior , 2000, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[205]  Yael M. Cycowicz,et al.  Memory development and event-related brain potentials in children , 2000, Biological Psychology.

[206]  J. Polich,et al.  P300 as a clinical assay: rationale, evaluation, and findings. , 2000, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[207]  M M Mesulam,et al.  An electrophysiological index of stimulus unfamiliarity. , 2000, Psychophysiology.

[208]  M. Hansenne,et al.  [The p300 cognitive event-related potential. II. Individual variability and clinical application in psychopathology]. , 2000, Neurophysiologie clinique = Clinical neurophysiology.

[209]  R Kikinis,et al.  Disruption of attention to novel events after frontal lobe injury in humans , 2000, Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry.

[210]  R. McCarley,et al.  The P3 auditory event–related brain potential indexes major personality traits , 2001, Biological Psychiatry.

[211]  A. Kok.  On the utility of P3 amplitude as a measure of processing capacity. , 2001, Psychophysiology.

[212]  R. Simons,et al.  On the relationship of P3a and the Novelty-P3 , 2001, Biological Psychology.

[213]  John Polich,et al.  P3a from a passive visual stimulus task , 2001, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[214]  V. Hesselbrock,et al.  P300 event-related potential amplitude as an endophenotype of alcoholism--evidence from the collaborative study on the genetics of alcoholism. , 2001, Journal of biomedical science.

[215]  E Pellouchoud,et al.  Neurophysiological signals of working memory in normal aging. , 2001, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[216]  J. Steinmetz,et al.  P300, disinhibited personality, and early-onset alcohol problems. , 2001, Alcoholism, clinical and experimental research.

[217]  E. Donchin,et al.  Spatiotemporal analysis of the late ERP responses to deviant stimuli. , 2001, Psychophysiology.

[218]  D. Friedman,et al.  The novelty P3: an event-related brain potential (ERP) sign of the brain's evaluation of novelty , 2001, Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews.

[219]  J. Polich,et al.  P300 and alpha event-related desynchronization (ERD). , 2001, Psychophysiology.

[220]  E Donchin,et al.  A cortical potential imaging analysis of the P300 and Novelty P3 components , 2001, Human brain mapping.

[221]  Pavel Jurák,et al.  Intracerebral event-related potentials to subthreshold target stimuli , 2001, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[222]  A. Engel,et al.  Auditory novelty oddball allows reliable distinction of top-down and bottom-up processes of attention. , 2002, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[223]  Kristine B Walhovd,et al.  One-year test-retest reliability of auditory ERPs in young and old adults. , 2002, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[224]  T. Sejnowski,et al.  Dynamic Brain Sources of Visual Evoked Responses , 2002, Science.

[225]  Marta Kutas,et al.  The intractability of scaling scalp distributions to infer neuroelectric sources. , 2002, Psychophysiology.

[226]  John Polich,et al.  Habituation of P3a and P3b from Visual Stimuli , 2002 .

[227]  Robert J Barry,et al.  Event-related potential correlates of serial-position effects during an elaborative memory test. , 2002, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[228]  W. Iacono,et al.  P3 event-related potential amplitude and the risk for disinhibitory disorders in adolescent boys. , 2002, Archives of general psychiatry.

[229]  K. R. Ridderinkhof,et al.  Older age, traumatic brain injury, and cognitive slowing: some convergent and divergent findings. , 2002, Psychological bulletin.

[230]  Daniel Strüber,et al.  P300 and slow wave from oddball and single-stimulus visual tasks: inter-stimulus interval effects. , 2002, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[231]  G. Baal,et al.  Twin and family studies of the human electroencephalogram: a review and a meta-analysis , 2002, Biological Psychology.

[232]  J. Polich,et al.  P300 amplitude is determined by target-to-target interval. , 2002, Psychophysiology.

[233]  I..  THE ATTENTION SYSTEM OF THE HUMAN BRAIN , 2002 .

[234]  E. Donchin,et al.  The influence of stimulus deviance and novelty on the P300 and novelty P3. , 2002, Psychophysiology.

[235]  T. Curran,et al.  Using ERPs to dissociate recollection from familiarity in picture recognition. , 2003, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[236]  David Friedman,et al.  Stimulus characteristics and task category dissociate the anterior and posterior aspects of the novelty P3. , 2003, Psychophysiology.

[237]  Robert Roman,et al.  Intracerebral somatosensory event-related potentials: effect of response type (button pressing versus mental counting) on P3-like potentials within the human brain , 2003, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[238]  R. Näätänen,et al.  AUDITORY ENVIRONMENT AND CHANGE DETECTION AS INDEXED BY THE MISMATCH NEGATIVITY (MMN) , 2003 .

[239]  L. M. Ward,et al.  Synchronous neural oscillations and cognitive processes , 2003, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[240]  Dirk J. Heslenfeld,et al.  Visual Mismatch Negativity. , 2003 .

[241]  Matt McGue,et al.  Substance use disorders, externalizing psychopathology, and P300 event-related potential amplitude. , 2003, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[242]  J. Polich,et al.  Meta-analysis of P300 and schizophrenia: patients, paradigms, and practical implications. , 2003, Psychophysiology.

[243]  R. Knight,et al.  Lateral and Orbital Prefrontal Cortex Contributions to Attention , 2003 .

[244]  C. Gonsalvez,et al.  Target-to-target interval versus probability effects on P300 in one- and two-tone tasks. , 2003, Psychophysiology.

[245]  H. Spiers,et al.  Prefrontal and medial temporal lobe interactions in long-term memory , 2003, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[246]  G. Rainer,et al.  Cognitive neuroscience: Neural mechanisms for detecting and remembering novel events , 2003, Nature Reviews Neuroscience.

[247]  Carles Escera,et al.  Spatiotemporal dynamics of the auditory novelty-P3 event-related brain potential. , 2003, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[248]  C. Tenke,et al.  Optimizing PCA methodology for ERP component identification and measurement: theoretical rationale and empirical evaluation , 2003, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[249]  R. Verleger.  Event-Related EEG Potential Research in Neurological Patients , 2003 .

[250]  B. Opitz.  ERP and fMRI Correlates of Target and Novelty Processing , 2003 .

[251]  J. Polich.  Theoretical Overview of P3a and P3b , 2003 .

[252]  R. McCarley,et al.  The NoGo P300 ‘anteriorization’ effect and response inhibition , 2004, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[253]  F. Vogel,et al.  The electroencephalogram (EEG) as a research tool in human behavior genetics: Psychological examinations in healthy males with various inherited EEG variants , 1979, Human Genetics.

[254]  Mark D'Esposito,et al.  Rapid Prefrontal-Hippocampal Habituation to Novel Events , 2004, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[255]  Anders M. Fjell,et al.  P300 and Neuropsychological Tests as Measures of Aging: Scalp Topography and Cognitive Changes , 2004, Brain Topography.

[256]  Rainer Goebel,et al.  Attentional systems in target and distractor processing: a combined ERP and fMRI study , 2004, NeuroImage.

[257]  E. Schröger,et al.  Bottom-up influences on working memory: behavioral and electrophysiological distraction varies with distractor strength. , 2004, Experimental psychology.

[258]  S. Makeig,et al.  Mining event-related brain dynamics , 2004, Trends in Cognitive Sciences.

[259]  V. De Pascalis,et al.  On the Psychophysiology of Extraversion , 2004 .

[260]  I. Reinvang.  Cognitive Event-Related Potentials in Neuropsychological Assessment , 1999, Neuropsychology Review.

[261]  T. Curran.  Effects of attention and confidence on the hypothesized ERP correlates of recollection and familiarity , 2004, Neuropsychologia.

[262]  P Ungan,et al.  Combined dynamics of EEG and evoked potentials , 1979, Biological Cybernetics.

[263]  J. Polich.  Clinical application of the P300 event-related brain potential. , 2004, Physical medicine and rehabilitation clinics of North America.

[264]  Ahmet Ademoglu,et al.  Wavelet Analysis of P3a and P3b , 2004, Brain Topography.

[265]  J. Polich,et al.  P3a from Visual Stimuli: Typicality, Task, and Topography , 2004, Brain Topography.

[266]  Rainer Goebel,et al.  Localizing P300 Generators in Visual Target and Distractor Processing: A Combined Event-Related Potential and Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study , 2004, The Journal of Neuroscience.

[267]  E. Donchin,et al.  Parsing the late positive complex: mental chronometry and the ERP components that inhabit the neighborhood of the P300. , 2004, Psychophysiology.

[268]  Ina M. Tarkka,et al.  Source Localization of P300 from Oddball, Single Stimulus, and Omitted-Stimulus Paradigms , 2004, Brain Topography.

[269]  B. Brocke,et al.  Chapter 15 – The Multilevel Approach in Sensation Seeking: Potentials and Findings of a Four-Level Research Program , 2004 .

[270]  D. Linden.  The P300: Where in the Brain Is It Produced and What Does It Tell Us? , 2005, The Neuroscientist : a review journal bringing neurobiology, neurology and psychiatry.

[271]  Sean J. O'Connor,et al.  P300 topography of amplitude/latency correlations , 2005, Brain Topography.

[272]  Kenneth Hugdahl,et al.  Assessing the spatiotemporal evolution of neuronal activation with single-trial event-related potentials and functional MRI. , 2005, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America.

[273]  Jonathan D. Cohen,et al.  An integrative theory of locus coeruleus-norepinephrine function: adaptive gain and optimal performance. , 2005, Annual review of neuroscience.

[274]  M. Posner,et al.  Frontal and inferior temporal cortical activity in visual target detection: Evidence from high spatially sampled event-related potentials , 1996, Brain Topography.

[275]  G. Pfurtscheller,et al.  Alpha frequency, cognitive load and memory performance , 1993, Brain Topography.

[276]  Piotr Jaskowski,et al.  Evidence for an Integrative Role of P3b in Linking Reaction to Perception , 2005 .

[277]  Matti Laine,et al.  Event-Related Desynchronization evoked by auditory stimuli , 2005, Brain Topography.

[278]  W. Klimesch,et al.  Phase synchronization between theta and upper alpha oscillations in a working memory task. , 2005, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[279]  Godfrey Pearlson,et al.  An adaptive reflexive processing model of neurocognitive function: supporting evidence from a large scale (n = 100) fMRI study of an auditory oddball task , 2005, NeuroImage.

[280]  R. J. Doherty,et al.  Separation of the components of the late positive complex in an ERP dishabituation paradigm , 2005, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[281]  H. Begleiter,et al.  The utility of neurophysiological markers in the study of alcoholism , 2005, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[282]  A. Engel,et al.  What is novel in the novelty oddball paradigm? Functional significance of the novelty P3 event-related potential as revealed by independent component analysis. , 2005, Brain research. Cognitive brain research.

[283]  J. Polich,et al.  Alzheimer's disease and P300: review and evaluation of task and modality. , 2005, Current Alzheimer research.

[284]  H. Berger,et al.  Über das Elektrenkephalogramm des Menschen , 1937, Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten.

[285]  C. Tenke,et al.  Trusting in or breaking with convention: Towards a renaissance of principal components analysis in electrophysiology , 2005, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[286]  Jonathan D. Cohen,et al.  Decision making, the P3, and the locus coeruleus-norepinephrine system. , 2005, Psychological bulletin.

[287]  Brian A. Lopez,et al.  P3a from visual stimuli: task difficulty effects. , 2006, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[288]  J. Polich,et al.  Meditation states and traits: EEG, ERP, and neuroimaging studies. , 2006, Psychological bulletin.

[289]  N. Squires,et al.  Electrophysiological correlates of categorization: P300 amplitude as index of target similarity , 2006, Biological Psychology.

[290]  John Polich,et al.  P3a from auditory white noise stimuli , 2006, Clinical Neurophysiology.

[291]  Craig J. Brozinsky,et al.  Oscillatory EEG correlates of episodic trace decay. , 2006, Cerebral Cortex.

[292]  K. Paller,et al.  Distinguishing source memory and item memory: Brain potentials at encoding and retrieval , 2006, Brain Research.

[293]  M. Berger,et al.  High Gamma Power Is Phase-Locked to Theta Oscillations in Human Neocortex , 2006, Science.

[294]  J. Polich,et al.  Neuropsychology and neuropharmacology of P3a and P3b. , 2006, International journal of psychophysiology : official journal of the International Organization of Psychophysiology.

[295]  Simon Hanslmayr,et al.  Alpha phase reset contributes to the generation of ERPs. , 2006, Cerebral cortex.

[296]  J. Polich,et al.  Normative Variation of P3a and P3b from a Large Sample , 2007 .

[297]  C. Gonsalvez,et al.  Target-to-target interval, intensity, and P300 from an auditory single-stimulus task. , 2007, Psychophysiology.

[298]  C. Patrick,et al.  Genes mediate the association between P3 amplitude and externalizing disorders. , 2007, Psychophysiology.

[299]  C. Monaca.  [Pathophysiology of restless legs syndrome]. , 2010, Presse medicale.

[300]  S. Hillyard,et al.  Electrophysiology of Cognition , 2011 .