Manic depressive disorder in mental handicap

Eight cases of early onset bipolar affective disorder in adolescents with mental impairment are described. The age of onset ranged from 11 to 18 years and common characteristics were rapid cycling, mixed affective states, and lithium resistance. The likelihood that cerebral dysfunction might cause a secondary (phenocopy) form of bipolar disorder. as well as complicate a primary bipolar diathesis, is discussed.

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