Answer Set Programming for the Semantic Web

The Semantic Web [1,2,3] aims at extending the current Web by standards and technologies that help machines to understand the information on the Web so that they can support richer discovery, data integration, navigation, and automation of tasks. Its development proceeds in layers, and the Ontology layer is the highest one that has currently reached a sufficient maturity, in the form of the OWL Web Ontology Language (OWL) [4,5], which is based on Description Logics. Current efforts are focused on realizing the Rules layer, which should complement the Ontology layer and offer sophisticated representation and reasoning capabilities. This raises, in particular, the issue of interlinking rules and ontologies. Excellent surveys that classify many proposals for combining rules and ontologies are [6,7]; general issues that arise in this are discussed e.g. in [8,9,10]. Notably, the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) has installed The Rule Interchange Format (RIF) Working Group on order to produce a core rule language plus extensions which together allow rules to be translated between rule languages and thus transferred between rule systems; a first working draft has been released recently.

[1]  Jia-Huai You,et al.  Unfolding partiality and disjunctions in stable model semantics , 2000, TOCL.

[2]  Axel Polleres,et al.  From SPARQL to rules (and back) , 2007, WWW '07.

[3]  Michael Gelfond,et al.  Diagnostic reasoning with A-Prolog , 2003, Theory Pract. Log. Program..

[4]  Jos de Bruijn,et al.  OWL DL vs. OWL flight: conceptual modeling and reasoning for the semantic Web , 2005, WWW '05.

[5]  Rina Dechter,et al.  Propositional semantics for disjunctive logic programs , 1994, Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence.

[6]  Ian Horrocks,et al.  From SHIQ and RDF to OWL: the making of a Web Ontology Language , 2003, J. Web Semant..

[7]  Christopher G. Lasater,et al.  Design Patterns , 2008, Wiley Encyclopedia of Computer Science and Engineering.

[8]  Enrico Giunchiglia,et al.  On the Relation Between Answer Set and SAT Procedures (or, Between cmodels and smodels) , 2005, ICLP.

[9]  Xiaoping Chen,et al.  DL_clog: A Hybrid System Integrating Rules and Description Logics with Circumscription , 2007, Description Logics.

[10]  Raymond Reiter,et al.  A Theory of Diagnosis from First Principles , 1986, Artif. Intell..

[11]  Wolfgang Faber,et al.  Declarative problem-solving using the DLV system , 2000 .

[12]  James A. Hendler,et al.  The Semantic Web: KR's Worst Nightmare? , 2002, KR.

[13]  Marco Cadoli,et al.  The Complexity of Model Checking for Circumscriptive Formulae , 1992, Inf. Process. Lett..

[14]  Riccardo Rosati,et al.  DL+log: Tight Integration of Description Logics and Disjunctive Datalog , 2006, KR.

[15]  Yuliya Lierler,et al.  Disjunctive Answer Set Programming via Satisfiability , 2005, Answer Set Programming.

[16]  Thomas Lukasiewicz.  Probabilistic description logic programs , 2007, Int. J. Approx. Reason..

[17]  François Fages,et al.  Consistency of Clark's completion and existence of stable models , 1992, Methods Log. Comput. Sci..

[18]  Dean Allemang,et al.  The Semantic Web - ISWC 2006, 5th International Semantic Web Conference, ISWC 2006, Athens, GA, USA, November 5-9, 2006, Proceedings , 2006, SEMWEB.

[19]  Gerd Wagner,et al.  Design Rationale for RuleML: A Markup Language for Semantic Web Rules , 2001, SWWS.

[20]  Thomas Eiter,et al.  Exploiting conjunctive queries in description logic programs , 2009, Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence.

[21]  Francesco Scarcello,et al.  BackJumping techniques for rules instantiation in the DLV system , 2004, NMR.

[22]  Wolfgang Faber,et al.  System Description: The DLVK Planning System , 2001, LPNMR.

[23]  Michael Kifer,et al.  On the Semantics of Anonymous Identity and Reification , 2002, OTM.

[24]  Robert E. Mercer,et al.  Platypus: A Platform for Distributed Answer Set Solving , 2005, LPNMR.

[25]  Wolfgang Faber,et al.  Enhancing the Magic-Set Method for Disjunctive Datalog Programs , 2004, ICLP.

[26]  Thomas Lukasiewicz.  Fuzzy Description Logic Programs under the Answer Set Semantics for the Semantic Web , 2006, 2006 Second International Conference on Rules and Rule Markup Languages for the Semantic Web (RuleML'06).

[27]  Gerd Wagner,et al.  Stable Model Theory for Extended RDF Ontologies , 2005, SEMWEB.

[28]  Thomas Lukasiewicz,et al.  Probabilistic description logic programs , 2005, Int. J. Approx. Reason..

[29]  Wolfgang Faber,et al.  Recursive Aggregates in Disjunctive Logic Programs: Semantics and Complexity , 2004, JELIA.

[30]  Thomas Eiter,et al.  \mathbbFDNC: Decidable Non-monotonic Disjunctive Logic Programs with Function Symbols , 2007, LPAR.

[31]  Stijn Heymans,et al.  Conceptual logic programs , 2006, Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence.

[32]  Bijan Parsia,et al.  Pellet: An OWL DL Reasoner , 2004, Description Logics.

[33]  Wolfgang Faber,et al.  The Diagnosis Frontend of the dlv System , 1999, AI Commun..

[34]  Jos de Bruijn,et al.  On Representational Issues About Combinations of Classical Theories with Nonmonotonic Rules , 2006, KSEM.

[35]  David Scott Warren,et al.  Computation of Stable Models and Its Integration with Logical Query Processing , 1996, IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng..

[36]  Georg Gottlob,et al.  Identifying the Minimal Transversals of a Hypergraph and Related Problems , 1995, SIAM J. Comput..

[37]  Georg Gottlob,et al.  Complexity and expressive power of logic programming , 2001, CSUR.

[38]  Hans Tompits,et al.  Combining answer set programming with description logics for the Semantic Web , 2004, Artif. Intell..

[39]  Andreas Harth,et al.  Rules with Contextually Scoped Negation , 2006, ESWC.

[40]  Hans Tompits,et al.  Reasoning with Rules and Ontologies , 2006, Reasoning Web.

[41]  V. S. Subrahmanian,et al.  Heterogeneous Active Agents, I: Semantics , 1999, Artif. Intell..

[42]  Thomas Linke,et al.  NoMoRe : A System for Non-monotonic Reasoning with Logic Programs under Answer Set Semantics , 2001, IJCAR.

[43]  Stephan Tobies,et al.  Complexity results and practical algorithms for logics in knowledge representation , 2001, ArXiv.

[44]  K. A. Ross.  Modular stratification and magic sets for DATALOG programs with negation , 1990, PODS 1990.

[45]  James A. Hendler,et al.  Semantic Web Architecture: Stack or Two Towers? , 2005, PPSWR.

[46]  Marina De Vos,et al.  Debugging Logic Programs under the Answer Set Semantics , 2005, Answer Set Programming.

[47]  Riccardo Rosati,et al.  Integrating Ontologies and Rules: Semantic and Computational Issues , 2006, Reasoning Web.

[48]  Miroslaw Truszczynski,et al.  dcs: An Implementation of DATALOG with Constraints , 2000, ArXiv.

[49]  Ilkka Niemelä,et al.  Smodels - An Implementation of the Stable Model and Well-Founded Semantics for Normal LP , 1997, LPNMR.

[50]  Wolfgang Nejdl,et al.  The Model-Theoretic Semantics of TRIPLE , 2002 .

[51]  Teodor C. Przymusinski,et al.  The extended closed world assumption and its relationship to parallel circumscription , 1985, PODS '86.

[52]  Francesco M. Donini,et al.  Description logics of minimal knowledge and negation as failure , 2002, TOCL.

[53]  Vladimir Lifschitz,et al.  Answer set programming and plan generation , 2002, Artif. Intell..

[54]  Francesco Buccafurri,et al.  Enhancing Disjunctive Datalog by Constraints , 2000, IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng..

[55]  Michael Kifer,et al.  Logical foundations of object-oriented and frame-based languages , 1995, JACM.

[56]  Thomas Lukasiewicz,et al.  Stratified Probabilistic Description Logic Programs , 2005, ISWC-URSW.

[57]  Enrico Pontelli,et al.  Justification and debugging of answer set programs in ASP , 2005, AADEBUG'05.

[58]  Yuri Gurevich,et al.  The Classical Decision Problem , 1997, Perspectives in Mathematical Logic.

[59]  Anil Nerode,et al.  Mixed integer programming methods for computing nonmonotonic deductive databases , 1994, JACM.

[60]  Wolfgang Faber,et al.  The INFOMIX system for advanced integration of incomplete and inconsistent data , 2005, SIGMOD '05.

[61]  Stefan Woltran,et al.  Strong and Uniform Equivalence in Answer-Set Programming: Characterizations and Complexity Results for the Non-Ground Case , 2005, AAAI.

[62]  Jeff Z. Pan,et al.  Rules and Rule Markup Languages for the Semantic Web , 2003, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[63]  Wolfgang Faber,et al.  The DLV system for knowledge representation and reasoning , 2002, TOCL.

[64]  Ilkka Niemelä,et al.  Stable Model Semantics of Weight Constraint Rules , 1999, LPNMR.

[65]  Raymond Reiter.  On Closed World Data Bases , 1977, Logic and Data Bases.

[66]  Diego Calvanese,et al.  The Description Logic Handbook: Theory, Implementation, and Applications , 2003, Description Logic Handbook.

[67]  Maurizio Lenzerini,et al.  The Complexity of Propositional Closed World Reasoning and Circumscription , 1994, J. Comput. Syst. Sci..

[68]  Giovambattista Ianni,et al.  A System with Template Answer Set Programs , 2004, JELIA.

[69]  Ian Horrocks,et al.  Reducing OWL Entailment to Description Logic Satisfability , 2003, Description Logics.

[70]  Stefan Woltran,et al.  Encodings for Equilibrium Logic and Logic Programs with Nested Expressions , 2001, EPIA.

[71]  Wenfei Fan,et al.  Keys with Upward Wildcards for XML , 2001, DEXA.

[72]  Jürgen Dix,et al.  Semantics of Logic Programs: Their Intuitions and Formal Properties. An Overview , 1996, Logic, Action, and Information.

[73]  James A. Hendler,et al.  The semantic Web and its languages , 2000 .

[74]  Boris Motik,et al.  Can OWL and Logic Programming Live Together Happily Ever After? , 2006, International Semantic Web Conference.

[75]  Michael Kifer,et al.  Flora-2: A Rule-Based Knowledge Representation and Inference Infrastructure for the Semantic Web , 2003, OTM.

[76]  Deborah L. McGuinness,et al.  OWL Web ontology language overview , 2004 .

[77]  Vladimir Lifschitz,et al.  Splitting a Logic Program , 1994, ICLP.

[78]  Axel Polleres,et al.  DLVHEX-SPARQL: A SPARQL Compliant Query Engine Based on DLVHEX , 2007, ALPSWS.

[79]  Boris Motik,et al.  Query Answering for OWL-DL with Rules , 2004, SEMWEB.

[80]  Dietmar Seipel,et al.  DisLog - A System for Reasoning in Disjunctive Deductive Databases , 1994 .

[81]  P. Hayes.  The Logic of Frames , 1981 .

[82]  Jeffrey D. Ullman,et al.  Principles Of Database And Knowledge-Base Systems , 1979 .

[83]  Stijn Heymans,et al.  Integrating ontology languages and answer set programming , 2003, 14th International Workshop on Database and Expert Systems Applications, 2003. Proceedings..

[84]  Adrian Walker,et al.  Towards a Theory of Declarative Knowledge , 1988, Foundations of Deductive Databases and Logic Programming..

[85]  G Stix,et al.  The mice that warred. , 2001, Scientific American.

[86]  Theresa Swift,et al.  Deduction in Ontologies via ASP , 2004, LPNMR.

[87]  Peter Baumgartner Ulrich Furbach Bernd Thomas.  Model-Based Deduction for Knowledge Representation , 2002 .

[88]  Neil Immerman,et al.  Languages that Capture Complexity Classes , 1987, SIAM J. Comput..

[89]  Timo Soininen,et al.  Extending and implementing the stable model semantics , 2000, Artif. Intell..

[90]  Jos de Bruijn,et al.  Quantified Equilibrium Logic and Hybrid Rules , 2007, RR.

[91]  Wlodzimierz Drabent,et al.  Well-Founded Semantics for Hybrid Rules , 2007, RR.

[92]  P. A. Bonatti,et al.  Advanced Policy Queries , 2005 .

[93]  Moshe Y. Vardi.  The complexity of relational query languages (Extended Abstract) , 1982, STOC '82.

[94]  Stefan Decker,et al.  TRIPLE - A Query, Inference, and Transformation Language for the Semantic Web , 2002, SEMWEB.

[95]  Patryk Burek,et al.  Dually Structured Concepts in the Semantic Web: Answer Set Programming Approach , 2005, ESWC.

[96]  Riccardo Rosati,et al.  Towards expressive KR systems integrating datalog and description logics: preliminary report , 1999, Description Logics.

[97]  Jürgen Dix,et al.  DisLoP: A Research Project on Disjunctive Logic Programming , 1997, AI Commun..

[98]  Jeff Heflin,et al.  LCW-Based Agent Planning for the Semantic Web , 2002 .

[99]  Georg Gottlob,et al.  Disjunctive datalog , 1997, TODS.

[100]  Alon Y. Halevy,et al.  Combining Horn Rules and Description Logics in CARIN , 1998, Artif. Intell..

[101]  Peter F. Patel-Schneider,et al.  Reducing OWL entailment to description logic satisfiability , 2004, Journal of Web Semantics.

[102]  Ilkka Niemelä,et al.  Logic programs with stable model semantics as a constraint programming paradigm , 1999, Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence.

[103]  Tommi Syrjänen.  Omega-Restricted Logic Programs , 2001, LPNMR.

[104]  Gerd Wagner,et al.  Supporting Open and Closed World Reasoning on the Web , 2006, PPSWR.

[105]  Jack Minker,et al.  Logic and Data Bases , 1978, Springer US.

[106]  Hans Tompits,et al.  plp: A Generic Compiler for Ordered Logic Programs , 2001, LPNMR.

[107]  Stijn Heymans,et al.  Nonmonotonic Ontological and Rule-Based Reasoning with Extended Conceptual Logic Programs , 2005, ESWC.

[108]  Victor W. Marek,et al.  The Logic Programming Paradigm: A 25-Year Perspective , 2011 .

[109]  Victor W. Marek,et al.  Computing with Default Logic , 1999, Artif. Intell..

[110]  Hans Tompits,et al.  Reasoning Methods for Personalization on the Semantic Web , 2004 .

[111]  Riccardo Rosati,et al.  Semantic and Computational Advantages of the Safe Integration of Ontologies and Rules , 2005, PPSWR.

[112]  Stijn Heymans,et al.  Open answer set programming for the semantic web , 2007, J. Appl. Log..

[113]  Thomas Lukasiewicz.  Fuzzy Description Logic Programs under the Answer Set Semantics for the Semantic Web , 2006, RuleML.

[114]  Boris Motik,et al.  A Faithful Integration of Description Logics with Logic Programming , 2007, IJCAI.

[115]  L. Stein,et al.  OWL Web Ontology Language - Reference , 2004 .

[116]  Witold Lukaszewicz,et al.  Non-monotonic reasoning - formalization of commonsense reasoning , 1990 .

[117]  Kewen Wang,et al.  Combining Description Logic and Defeasible Logic for the Semantic Web , 2004, RuleML.

[118]  Raymond Reiter,et al.  A Logic for Default Reasoning , 1987, Artif. Intell..

[119]  Ian Horrocks,et al.  Ontology Reasoning in the SHOQ(D) Description Logic , 2001, IJCAI.

[120]  Piero A. Bonatti,et al.  On Finitely Recursive Programs , 2007, ICLP.

[121]  Stijn Heymans,et al.  Semantic Web Reasoning with Conceptual Logic Programs , 2004, RuleML.

[122]  James A. Hendler,et al.  Dynamic Ontologies on the Web , 2000, AAAI/IAAI.

[123]  Jeremy G. Siek,et al.  The Boost Graph Library - User Guide and Reference Manual , 2001, C++ in-depth series.

[124]  Wolfgang Faber,et al.  Heuristics for Hard ASP Programs , 2005, IJCAI.

[125]  Ilkka Niemelä,et al.  Smodels: A System for Answer Set Programming , 2000, ArXiv.

[126]  Hans Tompits,et al.  DLV-HEX : Dealing with Semantic Web under Answer-Set Programming � , 2005 .

[127]  Gerald Pfeifer,et al.  The KR System dlv: Progress Report, Comparisons and Benchmarks , 1998, KR.

[128]  Nils J. Nilsson,et al.  Artificial Intelligence , 1974, IFIP Congress.

[129]  James A. Hendler,et al.  The Semantic Web" in Scientific American , 2001 .

[130]  Roman Schindlauer.  Nonmonotonic Logic Programs for the Semantic Web , 2005, ICLP.

[131]  Dieter Pfoser.  Indexing the Trajectories of Moving Objects , 2002 .

[132]  Hans Tompits,et al.  Well-Founded Semantics for Description Logic Programs in the Semantic Web , 2004, RuleML.

[133]  Vladimir Lifschitz,et al.  Nested expressions in logic programs , 1999, Annals of Mathematics and Artificial Intelligence.

[134]  Tim Berners-Lee,et al.  Weaving The Web: The Original Design And Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web , 1999 .

[135]  V. S. Subrahmanian,et al.  Dualities between alternative semantics for logic programming and nonmonotonic reasoning , 2004, Journal of Automated Reasoning.

[136]  Vladimir Lifschitz,et al.  Weight constraints as nested expressions , 2003, Theory and Practice of Logic Programming.

[137]  Franz Baader,et al.  Embedding defaults into terminological knowledge representation formalisms , 1995, Journal of Automated Reasoning.

[138]  Hans Tompits,et al.  Effective Integration of Declarative Rules with External Evaluations for Semantic-Web Reasoning , 2006, ESWC.

[139]  Hans Tompits,et al.  Nonmonotonic Description Logic Programs: Implementation and Experiments , 2005, LPAR.

[140]  Zuoquan Lin,et al.  An Extension to OWL with General Rules , 2004, RuleML.

[141]  Ian Horrocks,et al.  Description logic programs: combining logic programs with description logic , 2003, WWW '03.

[142]  Chitta Baral,et al.  Knowledge Representation, Reasoning and Declarative Problem Solving , 2003 .

[143]  Fangzhen Lin,et al.  ASSAT: computing answer sets of a logic program by SAT solvers , 2002, Artif. Intell..

[144]  Allen Van Gelder,et al.  Negation as Failure using Tight Derivations for General Logic Programs , 1988, J. Log. Program..

[145]  Kenneth A. Ross,et al.  The well-founded semantics for general logic programs , 1991, JACM.

[146]  A. Polleres.  A Logic for Hybrid Rules , 2006 .

[147]  Roman Schindlauer,et al.  OntoDLV: An ASP-based System for Enterprise Ontologies , 2009, J. Log. Comput..

[148]  Hudson Turner,et al.  Satisfiability planning with Causal Theories , 1998, KR.

[149]  Michael Clarke,et al.  Symbolic and Quantitative Approaches to Reasoning and Uncertainty , 1991, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[150]  Boris Motik,et al.  Reducing SHIQ-Description Logic to Disjunctive Datalog Programs , 2004, KR.

[151]  Piero A. Bonatti.  Finitary Open Logic Program , 2003, Answer Set Programming.

[152]  Ralph Johnson,et al.  design patterns elements of reusable object oriented software , 2019 .

[153]  Hans Tompits,et al.  A Uniform Integration of Higher-Order Reasoning and External Evaluations in Answer-Set Programming , 2005, IJCAI.

[154]  Francesco M. Donini,et al.  AL-log: Integrating Datalog and Description Logics , 1998, Journal of Intelligent Information Systems.

[155]  Davy Van Nieuwenborgh,et al.  G-Hybrid Knowledge Bases , 2003 .

[156]  Ian Horrocks.  DAML+OIL: A Reason-able Web Ontology Language , 2002, EDBT.

[157]  Stefan Woltran,et al.  Solving Advanced Reasoning Tasks Using Quantified Boolean Formulas , 2000, AAAI/IAAI.

[158]  Stijn Heymans,et al.  Preferential Reasoning on a Web of Trust , 2005, International Semantic Web Conference.

[159]  Vladimir Lifschitz,et al.  Answer Sets in General Nonmonotonic Reasoning (Preliminary Report) , 1992, KR.

[160]  Diego Calvanese,et al.  A Framework for Ontology Integration , 2001, The Emerging Semantic Web.

[161]  James A. Hendler,et al.  Spinning the Semantic Web: Bringing the World Wide Web to Its Full Potential , 2002 .

[162]  Benjamin N. Grosof,et al.  Combining Rules and Ontologies . A survey . , 2005 .

[163]  Volker Haarslev,et al.  RACER System Description , 2001, IJCAR.

[164]  Antonis C. Kakas,et al.  Computational Logic: Logic Programming and Beyond , 2002, Lecture Notes in Computer Science.

[165]  Michael Gelfond,et al.  Representing Knowledge in A-Prolog , 2002, Computational Logic: Logic Programming and Beyond.

[166]  Victor W. Marek,et al.  On logic programs with cardinality constraints , 2002, NMR.

[167]  Boris Motik,et al.  Optimizing Query Answering in Description Logics using Disjunctive Deductive Databases , 2003, KRDB.

[168]  Abdul Sattar,et al.  Merging and Aligning Ontologies in dl-Programs , 2005, RuleML.

[169]  Hans Tompits,et al.  dlvhex: A Tool for Semantic-Web Reasoning under the Answer-Set Semantics! , 2006 .

[170]  Danny De Schreye,et al.  A Strong Correspondence between Description Logics and Open Logic Programming , 1997, ICLP.

[171]  Piero A. Bonatti,et al.  Reasoning with infinite stable models , 2001, Artif. Intell..

[172]  Victor W. Marek,et al.  Logic Programs With Monotone Cardinality Atoms , 2003, LPNMR.

[173]  Victor W. Marek,et al.  Default Reasoning System DeReS , 1996, KR.

[174]  Hans Tompits,et al.  dlvhex: A Prover for Semantic-Web Reasoning under the Answer-Set Semantics , 2006, 2006 IEEE/WIC/ACM International Conference on Web Intelligence (WI 2006 Main Conference Proceedings)(WI'06).

[175]  Yuliya Lierler,et al.  Fages' Theorem and Answer Set Programming , 2000, ArXiv.

[176]  Michael Gelfond,et al.  Logic Programs with Classical Negation , 1990, ICLP.

[177]  Bertram Ludäscher,et al.  Well-Founded Semantics for Deductive Object-Oriented Database Languages , 1997, DOOD.

[178]  Wolfgang Faber,et al.  A Comparison of Heuristics for Answer Set Programming , 2001 .

[179]  John Riley,et al.  Tim Berners-Lee , 1998 .

[180]  Miroslaw Truszczynski,et al.  Propositional Satisfiability in Answer-Set Programming , 2001, KI/ÖGAI.

[181]  Birte Glimm.  Specification of Coordination of Rule and Ontology Languages , 2004 .

[182]  Alan L. Selman,et al.  A Taxonomy of Complexity Classes of Functions , 1994, J. Comput. Syst. Sci..

[183]  Michael Gelfond,et al.  Classical negation in logic programs and disjunctive databases , 1991, New Generation Computing.

[184]  V. S. Subrahmanian,et al.  WFS + Branch and Bound = Stable Models , 1995, IEEE Trans. Knowl. Data Eng..

[185]  Wolfgang Faber,et al.  Disjunctive Logic Programs with Inheritance , 1999, ICLP.

[186]  David Poole,et al.  A Logical Framework for Default Reasoning , 1988, Artif. Intell..

[187]  H. Lan,et al.  SWRL : A semantic Web rule language combining OWL and ruleML , 2004 .

[188]  Elisa Bertino,et al.  Local Closed-World Assumptions for reasoning about Semantic Web data , 2003, APPIA-GULP-PRODE.

[189]  Francesco Buccafurri,et al.  Strong and Weak Constraints in Disjunctive Datalog , 1997, LPNMR.

[190]  Giovambattista Ianni,et al.  External Sources of Computation for Answer Set Solvers , 2005, LPNMR.

[191]  Boris Motik,et al.  A Comparison of Reasoning Techniques for Querying Large Description Logic ABoxes , 2006, LPAR.

[192]  Riccardo Rosati,et al.  On the decidability and complexity of integrating ontologies and rules , 2005, J. Web Semant..

[193]  Ian Horrocks,et al.  OIL: An Ontology Infrastructure for the Semantic Web , 2001, IEEE Intell. Syst..

[194]  Dan Brickley,et al.  Rdf vocabulary description language 1.0 : Rdf schema , 2004 .

[195]  Stijn Heymans,et al.  Integrating Description Logics and Answer Set Programming , 2003, PPSWR.

[196]  Victor W. Marek,et al.  Stable models and an alternative logic programming paradigm , 1998, The Logic Programming Paradigm.

[197]  Grigoris Antoniou,et al.  Nonmonotonic Rule Systems on Top of Ontology Layers , 2002, SEMWEB.

[198]  Stijn Heymans,et al.  Integrating Semantic Web Reasoning and Answer Set Programming , 2003, Answer Set Programming.

[199]  José Júlio Alferes,et al.  A Well-founded Semantics for Hybrid MKNF Knowledge Bases , 2007, Description Logics.

[200]  Chitta Baral,et al.  Reasoning in description logics using declarative logic programming , 2004 .

[201]  Enrico Pontelli,et al.  A Framework for Composition and Inter-operation of Rules in the Semantic Web , 2006, 2006 Second International Conference on Rules and Rule Markup Languages for the Semantic Web (RuleML'06).

[202]  Teodor C. Przymusinski.  Stable semantics for disjunctive programs , 1991, New Generation Computing.

[203]  Hans Tompits,et al.  An Update Front-End for Extended Logic Programs , 2001, LPNMR.